Biodiversity Data Journal Biodiversity Data Journal Biodiversity Data Journal BDJ 1314-2836 1314-2828 Pensoft Publishers Biodiversity Data Journal 10.3897/BDJ.3.e5792 4128 Data paper Cicadoidea Cicadidae Bioacoustics Malawi South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland Global Cicada Sound Collection I: Recordings from South Africa and Malawi by B. W. Price & M. H. Villet and harvesting of BioAcoustica data by GBIF Baker Ed edwbaker@gmail.com Price Benjamin Wills Rycroft Simon Villet Martin H. § The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa

Corresponding author: Ed Baker (edwbaker@gmail.com).

Academic editor: Therese Catanach

2015 02 09 2015 3 e5792 02 08 2015 02 09 2015 Ed Baker, Benjamin Wills Price, Simon Rycroft, Martin H. Villet This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Background

Sound collections for singing insects provide important repositories that underpin existing research (e.g. Price et al. 2007 at http://bio.acousti.ca/node/11801; Price et al. 2010) and make bioacoustic collections available for future work, including insect communication (Ordish 1992), systematics (e.g. David et al. 2003), and automated identification (Bennett et al. 2015). The BioAcoustica platform (Baker et al. 2015) is both a repository and analysis platform for bioacoustic collections: allowing collections to be available in perpetuity, and also facilitating complex analyses using the BioVeL cloud infrastructure (Vicario et al. 2011). The Global Cicada Sound Collection is a project to make recordings of the world's cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) available using open licences to maximise their potential for study and reuse. This first component of the Global Cicada Sound Collection comprises recordings made between 2006 and 2008 of Cicadidae in South Africa and Malawi.

New information

This collection of sounds includes 219 recordings of 133 voucher specimens, comprising 42 taxa (25 identified to species, all identified to genus) from South Africa and Malawi. The recordings have been used to underpin work on the species limits of cicadas in southern Africa, including Price et al. (2007) and Price et al. (2010). The specimens are deposited in the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa (AMGS).

The harvesting of acoustic data as occurrence records by GBIF has been implemented by the Scratchpads Team at the Natural History Museum, London. This link increases the value of individual recordings and the BioAcoustica platform within the global infrastructure of biodiversity informatics by making specimen/occurence records from BioAcoustica available to a wider audience, and allowing their integration with other occurence datasets that also contribute to GBIF.

bioacoustics BioAcoustica Cicadidae acoustic recording Malawi South Africa GBIF The work resulting in these recordings was supported by: National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa; Rhodes University.Funding for the development of the BioAcoustica platform and integration of these recordings was provided through the Life Sciences Departmental Investment Fund [SDF 14011] of the Natural History Museum, London.The project uses infrastructure developed by the EU funded projects ViBRANT [RI-261532] and BioVeL [RI-283359].
Introduction

BioAcoustica (Baker et al. 2015) is an online database and analysis platform for recorded wildlife sound and is based on the Scratchpads (Smith et al. 2011) virtual research environment.

Sound collections which include some Cicada recordings include the Macaulay Library, Cornell Lab of Ornithology (http://macaulaylibrary.org/: 148 recordings), the Animal Sound Archive of the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin (http://www.animalsoundarchive.org/: 11 recordings) and Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_Cicadidae: 13 recordings). In addition while region specific cicada sound collections do exist (Table 1), the aim of this resource is to provide a mechanism by which distributed collections of recordings can be made available in human and machine readable formats. The collection described in this paper with 219 recordings is the second largest collection of cicada songs made available.

General description Purpose

We have used the BioAcoustica platform to start creating an online, freely accessible, openly licensed and global resource for anybody interested in the bioacoustics of cicadas: the Global Cicada Sound Collection (GCSC). The collection of recordings made by Price, Villet and collaborators of southern African Cicadidae is the first collection to be made available through the GCSC project. We are currently working with other collaborators internationally to make their collections available. As the GCSC will include multiple collections, made available over a long time period, individual collaborators will be publishing data papers on their contributions as they are made available (if they choose to do so). This method allows for the entire collection to be made available for research while preserving the credit of contributors through granular citation of contributions.

Additional information

The use of the BioAcoustica platform allows for recordings to be shared with the Encyclopedia of Life (Parr et al. 2014) using a DarwinCore Archive (Baker et al. 2014). BioAcoustica metadata is archived at the Natural History Museum's Data Portal (Baker et al. 2014a).

Project description Title

Digitising Southern African Cicada Sounds for the Global Cicada Sound Collection

Personnel

Field recordings were made by Benjamin W. Price, M. H. Villet and others between 2006 and 2008. The collection was prepared for online availability by Ed Baker.

Funding

Funding for making the recordings available online was obtained by Price, Baker & Vincent S. Smith as part of the Natural History Museum Departmental Investment Fund (DIF) award SDF 14011. The recordings were made on fieldwork funded by Rhodes University (grant number 37201) and the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa to Villet (grant number 65774) and Price (grant number 67389). Any opinion, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NRF.

Geographic coverage Description

This collection of sound recordings includes cicada sounds from across South Africa and Malawi.

Coordinates

-34.75 and -10.817 Latitude; 17.602 and 34.264 Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage Description

The taxon list includes only those taxa identified to species present in the collection.

Taxa included
Rank Scientific Name Common Name
species Azanicada zuluensis
species Brevisiana brevis
species Ioba leopardina
species Munza furva
species Munza laticlavia
species Orapa numa
species Oxypleura lenihani
species Platypleura argentata
species Platypleura brunea
species Platypleura capensis
species Platypleura chalybaea
species Platypleura deusta
species Platypleura divisa
species Platypleura haglundi
species Platypleura hirta
species Platypleura hirtipennis
species Platypleura maytenophila
species Platypleura mijburghi
species Platypleura plumosa
species Platypleura signifera
species Platypleura stridula
species Platypleura techowi
species Platypleura wahlbergi
species Pycna semiclara
species Pycna sylvia
Temporal coverage

Living time period: 2006-2008.

Collection data Collection name

Albany Museum

Collection identifier

AMGS

Specimen preservation method

Pinned or 70% Ethanol

Curatorial unit

Species collecting event

Usage rights Use license

Other

IP rights notes

Recordings and metadata are released under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) licence. BioAcoustica has a fine-grained licensing mechanism, where recordings are individually licenced. Other projects may have alternative licences. Copyright of the recordings belongs to the individual sound recordists.

Data resources Data package title

Global Cicada Sounds Collection

Number of data sets

1

Data set 1. Data set name

GCSC 1: South Africa and Malawi

Number of columns

3

Download URL

http://bio.acousti.ca/project/620

Description

This resource is a summary of the recordings included in this project. The full BioAcoustica dataset, including this and other projects, is available in DarwinCore Archive format (as described in Baker et al. (2014)) at http://bio.acousti.ca/dwca.zip or from Baker et al. (2014a).

Column label Column description
Recording HTML link to BioAcoustica recording page
Specimen HTML link to BioAcoustica specimen/observation page
Location HTML link to BioAcoustica location page associated with Specimen
Additional information Harvesting of occurrence records by the Global Biodiversity Informatics Facility (GBIF)

Each Scratchpad automatically registers itself with the GBIF registry as a dataset. These datasets are associated with two entities within the registry, an organization, and an installation. The organization is 'Scratchpads', and the installation is 'Scratchpads at Natural History Museum, London', which theoretically allows additional Scratchpad installations at different institutions. The Scratchpads organization is sponsored by the UK's National Biodiversity Network, a requirement of the GBIF infrastructure.

On top of this, if a Scratchpad has a web service capable of providing data, then it is added as an endpoint to the dataset. We use a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A) file as an endpoint to provide GBIF with the data from the sounds database.

The BioAcoustica dataset can be accessed at: http://www.gbif.org/dataset/30f55c63-a829-4cb2-9676-3b1b6f981567.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Tim Robertson and Markus Döring (both GBIF) for their work on linking the Scratchpads platform to GBIF that allows BioAcoustica to contribute to the global informatics community.

Author contributions

Recordings were made by Price and Villet. Baker developed the BioAcoustica platform to accommodate the requirements of the Global Cicada Sound Collection, and made the recordings available through the platform. Rycroft developed the Scratchpads code to allow harvesting of BioAcoustica data by GBIF. All authors contributed to the manuscript.

References Baker E. Price B. W. BioAcoustica Contributors BioAcoustica: Natural History Museum Data Portal http://dx.doi.org/10.5519/0040999 2015-04-25T00:00:00+03:00 Baker Ed Rycroft Simon Smith Vincent 2014 Linking multiple biodiversity informatics platforms with Darwin Core Archives Biodiversity Data Journal 2 e1039 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/bdj.2.e1039 10.3897/bdj.2.e1039 Baker Ed Price B. W. Rycroft Simon D. Hill Jon Smith Vincent S. 2015 BioAcoustica: A free and open repository and analysis platform for bioacoustics Database 2015 bav054 10.1093/database/bav054 Bennett Wil Chesmore David Baker Edward 2015 Speckled Bush Cricket Data Logger - Project Report Figshare 29 10.6084/m9.figshare.1430094 David José A. de O. Zefa Edison Fontanetti Carmem S. 2003 Cryptic species of Gryllus in the light of bioacoustic (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) Neotropical Entomology 32 1 75 80 10.1590/s1519-566x2003000100010 Ordish R. G. 1992 Aggregation and communication of the Wellington weta Hemideina crassidens (Blanchard) (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae) New Zealand Entomologist 15 1 8 10.1080/00779962.1992.9722620 Parr Cynthia S. Wilson Nathan Leary Patrick Schulz Katja Lans Kristen Walley Lisa Hammock Jennifer Goddard Anthony Rice Jeremy Studer Marie Holmes Jeffrey Corrigan Robert J. Jr. 2014 The Encyclopedia of Life v2: Providing Global Access to Knowledge About Life on Earth Biodiversity Data Journal 2 e1079 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/bdj.2.e1079 10.3897/bdj.2.e1079 Price B. W. Barker N. P. Villet M. H. 2007 Patterns and processes underlying evolutionary significant units in the Platypleura stridula L. species complex (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa Molecular Ecology 16 12 2574 2588 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03328.x 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03328.x Price B. W. Barker N. P. Villet M. H. 2010 A watershed study on genetic diversity: Phylogenetic analysis of the Platypleura plumosa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) complex reveals catchment-specific lineages Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54 2 617 626 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.011 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.011 Smith Vincent Rycroft Simon Brake Irina Scott Ben Baker Ed Livermore Laurence Blagoderov Vladimir Roberts David 2011 Scratchpads 2.0: a Virtual Research Environment supporting scholarly collaboration, communication and data publication in biodiversity science ZooKeys 150 53 70 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2193 10.3897/zookeys.150.2193 Vicario Saverio Hardisty Alex Haitas Niobe 2011 BioVeL: Biodiversity Virtual e-Laboratory EMBnet.journal 17 2 5 http://dx.doi.org/10.14806/ej.17.2.238 10.14806/ej.17.2.238

Current online Cicada specific acoustic repositories.

Geographic extent Title Link Recordings
North America Insect Singers http://www.insectsingers.com/ 112
North America Cicada Mania http://www.cicadamania.com/audio/ 60
Michigan Cicadas of Michigan http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/fauna/Michigan_Cicadas/Michigan/Index.html 15
South East Asia Phantastic songs of the S.E.Asian cicadas! http://www2.arnes.si/~ljprirodm3/asian_cicadas.html 7
Japan and Korea Cicadidae in Japan http://homepage2.nifty.com/saisho/cicadasongaac_e.html 148
Borneo Cicada songs from Borneo http://www.groms.de/data/zoology/riede/cicada.html 5
Europe Songs of European Singing Cicadas http://www.cicadasong.eu/ 74
Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia Songs of Cicadas from Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia http://www2.arnes.si/~ljprirodm3/cikade.html 12
Australia A web guide to the cicadas of Australia http://dr-pop.net/cicadas.htm 351