Biodiversity Data JournalBiodiversity Data JournalBiodiversity Data JournalBDJ1314-28361314-2828Pensoft PublishersBiodiversity Data Journal10.3897/BDJ.3.e56103921Taxonomic paperNymphalidaeEvolution (Adaptation) and ConservationPopulation Management, Harvesting, and MonitoringFinlandEuropeMelampyrumsylvaticum as a pre-diapause host plant of the scarce fritillary (Euphydryasmaturna) in FinlandNieminenMarkomarko.nieminen@faunatica.fi‡§Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FinlandFaunatica Oy, Espoo, Finland
Corresponding author: Marko Nieminen (marko.nieminen@faunatica.fi).
Academic editor: Rodolphe Rougerie
2015170720153e56100807201513072015Marko NieminenThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Background
The scarce fritillary Euphydryas (Hypodryas) maturna (L.) is included in the Habitats Directive's Annexes II and IV(a). Therefore, it is crucially important to be able to define the habitat and breeding places of E.maturna in a correct and unbiased way.
New information
Data on a previously unknown pre-diapause main host plant, the small cow-wheat (Melampyrumsylvaticum L.), of Euphydryasmaturna in Finland is presented.
The scarce fritillary Euphydryas (Hypodryas) maturna (Linnaeus, 1758) is a high-profile species within the European Union, as it has been included in the Habitats Directive's (Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora) Annexes II and IV(a). Based on the Annex II, special conservation areas (i.e. Natura 2000 areas) need to be designated for E.maturna. The Annex IV lists species in need of strict protection, and those species and their breeding and resting places are protected by national legislation, which also applies to Finland. Therefore, the ability to define the habitat and breeding places of E.maturna in a correct and unbiased way is crucially important for both protecting the species effectively and not making uninformed administrative decisions which may be economically very costly. Euphydryasmaturna is a wide-spread species in SW Finland, and it has been assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN criteria in Finland (Kaitila et al. 2010).
The species of the tribe Melitaeini, to which E.maturna belongs, feed mainly on plants containing secondary plant metabolites called iridoids (Bowers 1983, Wahlberg 2001). Iridoids are used for oviposition-plant selection, and as feeding stimulants and defensive chemicals by larvae (e.g. Bowers 1983, Nieminen et al. 2003, Wahlberg 2001). Larval host plants are the key part for the definition of breeding habitat for specialized herbivores such as E.maturna. Numerous plant species have been recorded as pre-diapause (Table 1) and/or post-diapause hosts of E.maturna throughout its range (see e.g. Wahlberg 1998, Dolek et al. 2013). In Finland, the common cow-wheat (Melampyrumpratense L.) has been recorded as the main host plant (Wahlberg 1998). Here, I present data on a previously unknown pre-diapause main host plant, the small cow-wheat (Melampyrumsylvaticum L.), of Euphydryasmaturna in Finland.
Materials and methods
Larval groups of E.maturna were systematically searched from an area of ca. 3.5 km2 within the municipalities of Sipoo and Pornainen in southern Finland (coordinates of the midpoint of the study area: 60.45072N, 25.30928E). All larval groups were georeferenced with GPS and photographed, and a sample of each host plant was collected for identification. Plant samples were identified by Henry Väre (Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki). Fieldwork was made by MN and Kari Nupponen between August 27 and September 11 in 2014.
Type status:Other material. Occurrence: occurrenceRemarks: number of larval groups counted (with unknown number of larvae per group); recordedBy: Marko Nieminen; individualCount: 120; lifeStage: larva; Taxon: scientificName: Euphydryas maturna; order: Lepidoptera; family: Nymphalidae; genus: Euphydryas; specificEpithet: maturna; taxonRank: species; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Uusimaa; municipality: Sipoo; locality: Brusas; verbatimElevation: 60 m; verbatimCoordinates: 60°26.73'N 25°17.95'E; verbatimLatitude: 60°26.73'N; verbatimLongitude: 25°17.95'E; decimalLatitude: 60.4455; decimalLongitude: 25.2992; Identification: identifiedBy: Marko Nieminen; dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: visual search; eventDate: 2014-08-27/09-11; Record Level: language: en; basisOfRecord: Photographed; source: marko.nieminen@faunatica.fi
Type status:Other material. Occurrence: occurrenceRemarks: number of larval groups counted (with unknown number of larvae per group); recordedBy: Marko Nieminen; individualCount: 23; lifeStage: larva; Taxon: scientificName: Euphydryas maturna; order: Lepidoptera; family: Nymphalidae; genus: Euphydryas; specificEpithet: maturna; taxonRank: species; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Uusimaa; municipality: Pornainen; locality: Mäkelä; verbatimElevation: 60 m; verbatimCoordinates: 60°27.32'N 25°17.94'E; verbatimLatitude: 60°27.32'N; verbatimLongitude: 25°17.94'E; decimalLatitude: 60.4554; decimalLongitude: 25.2991; Identification: identifiedBy: Marko Nieminen; dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: visual search; eventDate: 2014-08-27/09-11; Record Level: language: en; basisOfRecord: Photographed; source: marko.nieminen@faunatica.fi
Type status:Other material. Occurrence: occurrenceRemarks: number of larval groups counted (with unknown number of larvae per group); recordedBy: Kari Nupponen; individualCount: 24; lifeStage: larva; Taxon: scientificName: Euphydryas maturna; order: Lepidoptera; family: Nymphalidae; genus: Euphydryas; specificEpithet: maturna; taxonRank: species; Location: country: Finland; stateProvince: Uusimaa; municipality: Pornainen; locality: Honkasenkalliot; verbatimElevation: 60 m; verbatimCoordinates: 60°26.51'N 25°19.27'E; verbatimLatitude: 60°26.51'N; verbatimLongitude: 25°19.27'E; decimalLatitude: 60.4419; decimalLongitude: 25.3211; Identification: identifiedBy: Kari Nupponen; dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: visual search; eventDate: 2014-09-10/11; Record Level: language: en; basisOfRecord: Photographed; source: marko.nieminen@faunatica.fi
Ecology
Totally 167 larval groups were located, all on Melampyrum spp. (Fig. 1). In some cases, at least two original larval groups had probably merged. All larval groups were either in clear-cuts (usually close to the edges, and sometimes within the forest 0-5 m from the clear-cut [Figs 2, 4]), in thinned and light commercial forests (Figs 3, 4), or in open powerline corridors (Fig. 5).
Due to the dry conditions in July and August, many or even all host plants had withered especially in open rocky areas. Therefore, reliable identifications based on plant morphology were possible for 121 samples. Of the identified samples, 30 plants (25%) were M.pratense and 91 plants (75%) M.sylvaticum. In addition, three larval groups have been found in the same area in the autumn of 2013, all on M.sylvaticum (Jari-Pekka Kaitila, personal observations).
Discussion
The regional host plant use of E.maturna is highly variable throughout its range (Table 1), but is apparently restricted to only a couple of preferred species used for oviposition within any particular region. For example, Fraxinus is the most regularly used oviposition-plant genus in the Central Europe (e.g. Cizek and Konvicka 2005, Levente 2005, Freese et al. 2006, Dolek et al. 2013), whereas lower plants such as Veronicalongifolia are often used in the eastern areas (e.g. Korshunov and Gorbunov 1995, Gorbunov and Kosterin 2007). However, it seems common that the post-diapause larvae feed on a wider spectrum of host plants than are used for oviposition (Gorbunov and Kosterin 2007, Dolek et al. 2013), for example Plantagolanceolata is frequently used after diapause in Austria (Freese et al. 2006). There may be regional differences in preference also within the Finnish range, as all females observed during their search for oviposition-plants ignored M.sylvaticum in a study performed about 200 km to the northeast of this study area (Wahlberg 1998). Moreover, the importance of other host plants than M.pratense and M.sylvaticum still remain uncertain throughout Finland.
The use of M.sylvaticum as a host plant (Fig. 1) considerably increases both the suitable breeding area of E.maturna and the amount of resources available for it. In the study area, the increase in both of these variables must be manyfold, but remains to be quantified. Melampyrumpratense is much more vulnerable to desiccation and withering because it grows in drier sites than M.sylvaticum. The ability to use both of these Melampyrum species is extremely important in dry summers such as 2014, when more than 90% of host plants had withered in several sites. That high rate of dry host plants has likely increased mortality of groups of small larvae and may also decrease overwintering success due to starvation of larvae, which are common phenomena in another larval group-forming species Melitaeacinxia in Finland (e.g. Kuussaari et al. 2004).
Some leaves of Vacciniummyrtillus had been eaten within some larval webs. Even though I could not confirm that E.maturna larvae had eaten them, it is, however, likely because other herbivorous larvae were not observed and Melampyrum individuals were almost completely dry in and around these larval nests. Therefore, larvae may have used V.myrtillus to rescue themselves from starvation. The same explanation may apply to the odd observations of larvae feeding on e.g. Fagus, Populus and Salix regularly referred to in the literature (e.g. Korshunov and Gorbunov 1995, Gorbunov and Kosterin 2007, Dolek et al. 2013). A further explanation for 'odd' host records is that the actual host plants often become consumed completely leaving only non-host plants visible among and next to larval webs.
Acknowledgements
I thank Kari Nupponen for help in the field work and collecting information on host use in Russia and adjacent areas, Henry Väre for the identification of host plant samples, and Jari-Pekka Kaitila for his observations on M.sylvaticum as a host plant of E.maturna in the same area in 2013. The field work was financed by Lemminkäinen Infra Oy.
ReferencesBowersM. Deane1983The role of iridoid glycosides in host-plant specificity of checkerspot butterflies94475493http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf0099022010.1007/bf00990220CizekOldrichKonvickaMartin2005What is a patch in a dynamic metapopulation? Mobility of an endangered woodland butterfly, Euphydryasmaturna286791800http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04268.x10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04268.xDolekMatthiasFreese-HagerAnjaGeyerAdiBallettoEmilioBonelliSimona2013Multiple oviposition and larval feeding strategies in Euphydryasmaturna (Linné, 1758) (Nymphalidae) at two disjoint European sites172357366http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-012-9516-x10.1007/s10841-012-9516-xEliassonC.1991Studier av boknätfjärilens, Euphydryasmaturna (Lepidoptera. Nymphalidae, förekomst och biologi i Västmanland112113124EliassonC. U.ShawM. R.2003Prolonged life cycles, oviposition sites, foodplants and Cotesia parasitoids of Melitaeini butterflies in Sweden21152FreeseA.BenesJ.BolzR.CizekO.DolekM.GeyerA.GrosP.KonvickaM.LieglA.StettmerC.2006Habitat use of the endangered butterfly Euphydryasmaturna and forestry in Central Europe94388397http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00045.x10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00045.xGorbunovP.KosterinO.2007Rodina & FodioMoscow408KaitilaJ. P.NupponenK.KullbergJ.LaasonenE. M.2010Butterflies and mothsRassiP.HyvärinenE.JuslénA.MannerkoskiI.Ympäristöministeriö & Suomen ympäristökeskusHelsinki685978-952-11-3806-5KonvickaMCizekOFilipovaLFricZBenesJKrupkaMZamecnikJDockalovaZ2005For whom the bells toll: Demography of the last population of the butterfly Euphydryas maturna in the Czech Republic.60551557KorshunovY. P.GorbunovP. Y.1995University PressEkaterinburg202RussianKuussaariM.van NouhuysS.HellmannJ.SingerM. C.2004Larval Biology of CheckerspotsEhrlichP. R.HanskiI.Oxford University PressNew York408978-0-19-515827-4LeventeÁ.2005Biomonitoring of the butterfly fauna in the Drava region (Lepidoptera: Diurna)76373NieminenMarkoSuomiJohannaNouhuysSaskya VanSauriPauliinaRiekkolaMarja-Liisa2003Effect of iridoid glycoside content on oviposition host plant choice and parasitism in a specialist herbivore294823844http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:102292351453410.1023/a:1022923514534RákosyL.PecsenyeK.MihaliC.TóthA.VargaZ.2012Taxonomic review of Euphydryasmaturna (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) with description of a new subspecies from Dobrogea (Romania) and notes on conservation biology58145161TuzovV. K.BogdanovP. V.ChurkinS. V.DantchenkoA. V.DevyatkinA. L.MurzinV. S.SamodurovG. D.ZhdankoA. B.2000PensoftSofia & Moscow581WahlbergN.1998The life history and ecology of Euphydryasmaturna (Nymphalidae: Melitaeini) in Finland1998154169WahlbergNiklas2001The Phylogenetics And Biochemistry Of Host-Plant Specialization In Melitaeine Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)553522537http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00786.x10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00786.x
Larval web of Euphydryasmaturna on Melampyrumsylvaticum in Sipoo, S Finland (November 2nd, 2014).
Clear-cut edge habitat of Euphydryasmaturna. Clear-cut edges typically remain suitable for breeding for some years only until they become overgrown by tall grasses and tree seedlings.
Euphydryasmaturna habitat in a commercial, thinned spruce-dominated forest. Such habitats are probably suitable after thinning for several years.
Euphydryasmaturna habitat in a commercial, thinned pine-dominated forest with ca. 30-year old trees, and in a clear-cut edge. This kind of forest habitat is probably suitable after thinning for several years, but longer than spruce-dominated forests (Fig. 3). Also, edge habitats in these relatively dry habitats overgrow somewhat slower than in moister edges (Fig. 2).
Powerline habitat of Euphydryasmaturna. Vegetation under powerlines is kept open continuously, so powerline habitats may function both as breeding places and dispersal corridors.
Records of host plants used for oviposition by Euphydryasmaturna females and/or for feeding by pre-diapause larvae.
Species
Locations
References
Fagussylvatica
Europe
Dolek et al. 2013
Fraxinusangustifolia
Carpathian Basin and SE Europe, Hungary
Dolek et al. 2013, Rákosy et al. 2012
Fraxinusexcelsior
Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Sweden
Dolek et al. 2013, Eliasson 1991, Freese et al. 2006, Konvicka et al. 2005, Levente 2005, Rákosy et al. 2012, Tuzov et al. 2000
Fraxinusornus
Carpathian Basin and SE Europe
Dolek et al. 2013, Rákosy et al. 2012
Ligustrumvulgare
Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary
Dolek et al. 2013, Freese et al. 2006, Konvicka et al. 2005, Rákosy et al. 2012
Lonicera
Russia
Tuzov et al. 2000
Melampyrumsylvaticum
Finland
This study
Melampyrumpratense
Finland
Wahlberg 1998
Plantagolanceolata
Komi Republic
Gorbunov and Kosterin 2007
Populusalba
Russia
Tuzov et al. 2000
Populustremula
Europe, Russia
Dolek et al. 2013, Tuzov et al. 2000
Salix caprea / Salix
Europe, Russia
Dolek et al. 2013, Tuzov et al. 2000
Spiraea
Russia
Tuzov et al. 2000
Syringavulgaris
Russia, Sweden
Dolek et al. 2013, Eliasson and Shaw 2003, Tuzov et al. 2000
Veronicalongifolia
Finland, Komi Republic, Krasnoyarsk area, Omsk area, Novosibirsk Province