Biodiversity Data JournalBiodiversity Data JournalBiodiversity Data JournalBDJ1314-28361314-2828Pensoft PublishersBiodiversity Data Journal10.3897/BDJ.3.e54474133Taxonomic paperLepidopteraHexapodaInsectaAnimaliaInvertebrataArthropodaGeometroideaGeometridaeCatalogues and ChecklistsSystematicsPacificAustralasiaAsiaList of primary types of the larentiine moth species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) described from Indonesia - a starting point for biodiversity assessment of the subfamily in the regionSchmidtOlgaolga.schmidt@zsm.mwn.de‡Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany
Corresponding author: Olga Schmidt (olga.schmidt@zsm.mwn.de).
Academic editor: Rodolphe Rougerie
2015170720153e54471406201515072015Olga SchmidtThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Background
The Indonesian geometrid moth fauna is rich and diverse, yet it is poorly studied. This is particularly the case for the second largest geometrid subfamily Larentiinae which comprises moths with predominantly high mountainous distribution in the tropics. The present study provides a first inventory of the primary type specimens of larentiine moth species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) described from Indonesia.
New information
The list of species described from Indonesia is arranged alphabetically by the tribe, genus, and species, and presents data on 251 species and subspecies. For each species type status, type locality, depository, and a full reference to the original description are listed. Synonyms with Indonesian type localities are included. The study indicates a large part of the Indonesian geometrid fauna belong to the tribe Eupitheciini.
ChecklistdiversityEupitheciinigeometrid mothsLarentiinaetype specimensRepublic of IndonesiaIntroduction
Indonesia is a large archipelago, comprising thousands of islands in Southeast Asia and Oceania, with a total area of about 1,91 million square kilometers. It shares land borders with Malaysia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea, and maritime boundaries with the neighbouring countries including Australia, Palau, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Although several surveys of the rich and diverse fauna of Macrolepidoptera have been conducted in selected regions of Indonesia (e.g.Heppner 1989, Barlow and Woiwod 1990, Sutrisno 2005, Sutrisno 2008, Sutrisno 2009), checklists of species comprising geometrid moths are far from being complete despite taxonomic information being essential for understanding biodiversity, distribution of species, and ecosystem structure. For instance, recent accounts of geometrid species for an area in Central Kalimantan by Sutrisno (2005) and Beck and Rüdlinger (2014), include four and five larentiine species, respectively. A comprehensive list of West Papuan Larentiinae, including not yet confirmed Papua New Guinea species, is presented on the website by de Vos (2014), although the species list needs to be checked and updated according to recent literature data. It is necessary to mention that sorting of specimens for biodiversity surveys was often undertaken on a visual basis in the absence of adequate identification tools (see Barlow and Woiwod 1990) and without comparison with type specimens which reduces the reliability of species identifications.
Larentiinae are the second most species-rich geometrid subfamily after Ennominae, with 6,230 described species (Scoble and Hausmann 2007) and numerous undescribed species. The present study aims to create an inventory of larentiine species (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) with Indonesian type localities, providing original references. A special emphasis on primary types excludes inaccuracies caused by incorrect identification, and the list provides a starting point for an assessment of the biodiversity of the subfamily Larentiinae in Indonesia.
Materials and methods
The present list brings together scattered knowledge on the larentiine moths described from Indonesia. Major taxonomic papers embracing data on the Lepidoptera fauna of Indonesia were checked, from the earliest records by Walker (1863) until the latest reports by Schmidt (2005), Schmidt (2006b), including a comprehensive catalogue of Geometridae by Scoble (1999) and using a list of references by Gressitt and Szent-Ivany (1968). In addition, geometrid moth collections of the Natural History Museum, London, UK (NHM), the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Indonesia (LIPI), Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (MNHU), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels (RBINS) and SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM) were examined, revealing undescribed species and stressing the need of further taxonomic studies. Other abbreviations are: f – female; m – male; Mt – mount; NBC – Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; NHRS – Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden; OUM – Oxford University Museum of Natural History, UK; ZMMU – Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Russia.
The name of the original genus is given in parentheses after the name of the valid genus. The status of the type is noted. Citations of references for each species are given under "Nomenclature". The altitude is presented as in the original description. Valid species, valid subspecies and synonyms with Indonesian type localities are included. "Distribution" embraces the type locality only.
ChecklistsList of primary types of the larentiine moth species described from IndonesiaAstheniniBihastina (Bihastina)albolucensProut, 1916Bihastina (Bihastina)albolucensProut 1916Materials
Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: sex: m; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: [West Papua], Dutch New Guinea
Notes
The species is illustrated in Xue and Scoble (2002)
Type status:Syntype. Occurrence: sex: m; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: OUM
Distribution
Type locality: Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak. Type locality of synonym: Java (east)
Notes
The species is described from Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak and deposited in OUM. The synonym G. (Chloroclystis) semivinosaWarren 1896) is described from Java (east) and deposited in NHM
Type status:Syntype. Occurrence: sex: f; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: OUM
Distribution
Type locality: Malaysia, Borneo. Type locality of synonym: Lesser Sunda Islands, Lombok
Notes
The species is described from Malaysia, Borneo and deposited in OUM. The synonym M. (Megatheca?) ampla (Warren, 1899) is described from Lesser Sunda Islands, Lombok
Type status:Syntype. Occurrence: sex: f; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: OUM
Distribution
Type locality: Malaysia, Borneo. Type locality of synonym: Kalimantan, Pulo Laut
Notes
The species is described from Malaysia, Borneo and deposited in OUM. The synonym P. (Eupithecia) conferta (Swinhoe, 1902) is described from Kalimantan, Pulo Laut. The species P.obliterata is illustrated in Holloway (1997)
Type status:Syntype. Occurrence: sex: m; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: British New Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Mt Kebea, 3000 ft. Type localities of synonyms: [West Papua], Oetakwa River, Celebes [Sulawesi], Menado, [Moluccas], Buru, Gamoe, Mrapat, 5000 ft.
Notes
The species is described from British New Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Mt Kebea, 3000 ft. Three synonyms P.interrupta (Prout 1916) P.phanoides (Debauche 1941) and P.praelustris (Prout 1933) are described from [West Papua], Oetakwa River, from Celebes [Sulawesi], Menado and from [Moluccas], Buru, Gamoe, Mrapat, 5000 ft.
Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: sex: m; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: British New Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Upper Aroa River. Type locality of synonym: Java (east), Nongkodjadjar
Notes
The species is described from British New Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Upper Aroa River. The synonym P. (Chloroclystis) pallidivirenspullivirens (Prout, 1935) is described from Java (east), Nongkodjadjar
Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: sex: unknown; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: Bali, Batoeriti, 3500 ft.
Notes
The species Z.baliensis Prout (1958) is described as subspecies of Z.xylinaria Walker (1863). The synonym Z.xylinariaflorensis Prout (1958) is described from Lesser Sunda Islands, Flores (south)
Type status:Syntype. Occurrence: sex: f; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: OUM
Distribution
Type locality: Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak. Type locality of synonym: [Moluccas], Ceram [Seram] (central), Manusela and Celebes (south) [Sulawesi], Bonthian, Indrulaman, 2300 ft.
Notes
The species is described from Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, deposited in OUM and illustrated in Holloway (1997). Two synonyms Z.xylinariasubaequata Prout (1929) and Z.subrubida Warren (1897) are described from [Moluccas], Ceram [Seram] (central), Manusela and Celebes (south) [Sulawesi], Bonthian, Indrulaman, 2300 ft.
Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: sex: f; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: [West Papua], Arfak Mts, Angi Lakes, 6000 ft. Type locality of synonym: [Moluccas], Ceram [Seram] (central), Manusela
Notes
The species is described from [West Papua], Arfak Mts, Angi Lakes, 6000 ft. The synonym H. (Phthonoloba) hypelaina (Prout, 1929) is described from [Moluccas], Ceram [Seram] (central), Manusela
Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: sex: m; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: British New Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Upper Aroa River. Type locality of synonym: [Moluccas], Batjan
Notes
The species is described from British New Guinea [Papua New Guinea], Upper Aroa River. The synonym G.subpilosaWarren (1904) is described from [Moluccas], Batjan
Type status:Syntype. Occurrence: sex: unknown; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: India, Darjeeling. Type locality of synonym: [Java (east)], Nongkodjadjar
Notes
The species A.pictaria is described from India, Darjeeling. The synonym A.pictariaflavifascia Prout (1935) is described from [Java (east)], Nongkodjadjar and Singolangoe. The species A.pictaria is illustrated in Holloway (1997)
Type status:Syntype. Occurrence: sex: m; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: India, Nilgiri district, S slopes, 3000 ft. Type locality of synonym: Java (east), Nongkodjadjar
Notes
The species is described from India, Nilgiri district, S slopes, 3000 ft. The synonym A.pulchellainterposita Prout (1935) is described from Java (east), Nongkodjadjar
Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: sex: m; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: Malaysia, Borneo. Type localities of synonym: Borneo, nr Kalimantan, Pulo Laut
Notes
The species is described from Malaysia, Borneo. The synonym E.metriopis (Meyrick, 1897) is described from Borneo and nr Kalimantan, Pulo Laut. The species E.plumbacea is illustrated in Holloway (1997)
Type status:Syntype. Occurrence: sex: 4f; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: [Papua New Guinea], Upper Aroa River. Type locality of synonym: [Moluccas], Ceram [Seram], Manusela, 6000 ft.
Notes
The species is described from [Papua New Guinea], Upper Aroa River. The synonym P.subcaesianeutralis (Prout, 1922) is described from [Moluccas], Ceram [Seram], Manusela, 6000 ft.
Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: sex: m; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: [Papua New Guinea], Angabunga River. Type locality of synonym: [West Papua], Snow Mountains, Utakwa [Oetakwa] River, 2500-3000 ft.
Notes
The species is described from [Papua New Guinea], Angabunga River. The synonym S.viriditincta (Rothschild, 1916) is described from [West Papua], Snow Mountains, Utakwa [Oetakwa] River, 2500-3000 ft.
Type status:Lectotype. Occurrence: sex: m; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: Lesser Sunda Islands, Tambora, Sambawa [Sumbawa], 2500-4000 ft.
Notes
The species is described as subspecies of V.sordidata (Moore, 1888) and illustrated in Schmidt (2006a), Schmidt (2009). Lectotype has been designated (Schmidt 2006a)
Type status:Holotype. Occurrence: sex: m; Record Level: ownerInstitutionCode: NHM
Distribution
Type locality: [Moluccas], Buru, Rana
Notes
The species is described as subspecies of V.vinosa (Warren, 1907) and illustrated in Schmidt (2013)
Discussion
The current list presents data on 210 species and 41 subspecies of larentiine moths described from Indonesia so far, of which 33 species occur on Borneo (Malaysia) and were in detail illustrated by Holloway (1997). The Indonesian type specimens are deposited in NHM (239 specimens), OUM (six specimens), NBC (two specimens), and in NHRS, RBINS, ZMMU and ZSM (one specimen each). The majority of species (66%) were described by L.B. Prout, followed by W. Warren (17%). The species and subspecies described from Indonesia belong to seven tribes, namely Asthenini (1.2%), Cidariini (4%), Eupitheciini (38.2%), Larentiini (0.4%), Melanthiini (4%), Trichopterygini (19.1%), Xanthorhoini (10.8%) or have uncertain tribal placement (22.3%).
The tribal placement of many species needs to be evaluated. However, according to preliminary data involving the study of the species described from other regions and apparently occurring in Indonesia (Schmidt, unpubl. data), the tribe Eupitheciini and its close allies seem to be dominant in Indonesia. Moreover, the high-altitude Indonesian fauna is poorly studied so far. Considering high diversity of eupitheciines in mountainous regions and unresolved taxonomic problems in the group (e.g. sibling species), a large proportion of Eupitheciini among the larentiine moths is expected.
Many aberrant specimens were reported from Indonesia. For example, Warren (1898) described a form (ab. incognita) of Xanthorhoeludifica and later (Warren 1899a) described a form (ab. atrifasciata) of Photoscotosiamultiplicata. Later Prout (1939), Prout (1940), Prout (1941) named forms of Dysstromacuneifera (ab. integrata), D.ceprona (ab. russata and ab. rufescens), Horismesteretica (ab. restituta), Papuarismecontaminata (Warren, 1906) (ab. semipleta), Xanthorhoecallisthenes (ab. albifusa) and X.ludifica (ab. incognita), and described a form of the subspecies Ardonisfilicatamochleutes (ab. epacta) and a form of Callugagrammophora (ab. completa) (Prout 1958). Although the names of these aberrations are not available nomenclatorially, they may indicate hidden richness of the Indonesian geometrid moth fauna and their existence underpins the necessity of further studies.
The following observations resulted from the study of literature:
Ptychothecapallidivirens should be transferred to the genus Bosara (see Holloway 1997).
Prout (1941) mentioned “Desmoclystiaprouti Sick, sp. n.”, without description of the type locality, among other species described from West Papua (Mt Goliath). The type of D.prouti without abdomen, as cited in the original description, has never been re-examined.
Scoble (1999) lists EupitheciaaspectabilisInoue (1996) as described from Indonesia (Maluku [Moluccas]: Aru). However, the type locality of the species is Aru in Pahalgam-Kolohoi in Kashmir, with an altitude of 2800m.
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Rosichon Ubaidillah and Hari Sutrisno (LIPI), John Chainey, Martin Honey and Geoff Martin (NHM), Wolfram Mey (MNHU), Jean-Luc Boevé and Chantal van Nieuwenhove (RBINS) for offering access to the geometrid collections under their care, to Al Samuelson (Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii), Jeremy Holloway (NHM), Rob de Vos and Willem Hogenes (ZMA N, now NBC) and Ben Brugge (NBC), Manfred Sommerer (Munich), Scott Miller and Patricia Gentili-Poole (Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.) and Axel Hausmann (ZSM) for the loan of material. Sincere thanks to Rodolphe Rougerie, Axel Hausmann, Hossein Rajaei and Antoine Lévêque for valuable comments on the manuscript. I am grateful to Stefan Schmidt (ZSM) for advice and support.
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