Biodiversity Data Journal Biodiversity Data Journal Biodiversity Data Journal BDJ 1314-2836 1314-2828 Pensoft Publishers Biodiversity Data Journal 10.3897/BDJ.3.e5152 4046 Taxonomic paper Hemiptera Reduviidae Taxonomy South America Aristathlus imperatorius Bergroth, a newly recognized synonym of Reduvius iopterus Perty, with the new combination Aristathlus iopterus (Perty, 1834) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) ​ Gil-Santana Hélcio R. helciogil@uol.com.br ‡ Forero Dimitri § Laboratório de Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Entomología, UNESIS, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 #43-82, Bogotá, Colombia

Corresponding author: Hélcio R. Gil-Santana (helciogil@uol.com.br).

Academic editor: Laurence Livermore

 2015 16 06 2015 3 e5152 21 04 2015 09 06 2015 Hélcio R. Gil-Santana, Dimitri Forero This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Background

Reduvius iopterus Perty 1834 was first described from the Rio Negro, Brazil. It was then included in Zelus Fabricius 1803 as Z. iopterus (Perty 1834) without critical examination of this action (Stål 1872).The Neotropical genus Aristathlus Bergroth 1913 was described to include two species from the Amazon basin: A. imperatorius Bergroth 1913 and A. regalis Bergroth 1913.

 New information

Based on the original description and illustration of Reduvius iopterus, Aristathlus imperatorius is considered to be its junior synonym, with the resulting new combination: Aristathlus iopterus (Perty 1834).

 Heteroptera Harpactorini Neotropical Region new combination new synonym Introduction

Upon description by Bergroth (1913), the genus Aristathlus included two species: A. imperatorius Bergroth 1913 (type species of the genus by original designation) and A. regalis Bergroth 1913. Forero et al. (2008) revised the genus Aristathlus and provided redescriptions and diagnoses for the species, as well as detailed documentation of the male genitalia.

While Bergroth (1913) regarded Aristathlus as close to Zelus, Forero et al. (2008) provided notes comparing these two genera with each other and also with another four Neotropical harpactorine genera with elongate bodies and heads (Atopozelus Elkins 1954, Ischnoclopius Stål 1868, Iquitozelus Bérenger 2003, and Heza Amyot and Serville 1843). Forero et al. (2008) concluded that the species of Aristathlus do not belong in these genera because of the particular structure of the head, legs and genitalia.

Aristathlus imperatorius, originally described from French Guiana, has been recorded from Brazil (states of Amazonas, Pará, and Mato Grosso) (Gil-Santana 2007), Colombia, and Peru (Forero et al. 2008). This species shows variation in pronotal color pattern, ranging from a narrow, median U-shaped pale or yellowish marking, to a wider marking reaching the humeral angles (Gil-Santana 2007), as well as the metanotum, which is yellow or sometimes black (Forero et al. 2008).

Reduvius iopterus Perty, 1834 was described from the region of the Rio Negro (a river in the Amazon region of Brazil), and its original description was accompanied by a dorsal habitus drawing (Perty 1834) (Fig. 1). Stål (1872) included this species in the genus Zelus Fabricius, 1803, and since then, it has been listed in catalogues as Z. iopterus (Perty 1834) (Lethierry and Severin 1896, Wygodzinsky 1949​, Maldonado C. 1990).

The type specimen of Reduvius iopterus ought to be deposited at the Zoological Collection in Munich, as are many of Perty's type specimens, but it is now considered lost (Burmeister 1983). Forero et al. (2008) were also unable to locate the type specimens of A. imperatorius.

 Materials and methods

The depository institutions of the studied material are the following: American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH), Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia (ICN), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (MNRJ).

 Taxon treatments Aristathlus iopterus (Perty, 1834) new combination Reduvius iopterus Perty, 1834: Perty (1834) Aristathlus imperatorius Bergroth, 1913: Bergroth (1913) new synonym Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Elias & Roppa; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:organismnames.com:name:4352608; scientificName: Aristathlus imperatorius Bergroth, 1913; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hemiptera; family: Reduviidae; genus: Aristathlus; specificEpithet: imperatorius; scientificNameAuthorship: Bergroth, 1913; Location: country: Brazil; countryCode: BR; stateProvince: Amazonas; locality: Manaus; Identification: identifiedBy: Hélcio R. Gil-Santana; dateIdentified: 2007; Event: samplingProtocol: none specified; eventDate: 1955-11-14; Record Level: modified: 2015-04-14; language: en; institutionCode: MNRJ; collectionCode: Entomology; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: F. Oliveira; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:organismnames.com:name:4352608; scientificName: Aristathlus imperatorius Bergroth, 1913; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hemiptera; family: Reduviidae; genus: Aristathlus; specificEpithet: imperatorius; scientificNameAuthorship: Bergroth, 1913; Location: country: Brazil; countryCode: BR; stateProvince: Pará; locality: Óbidos; Identification: identifiedBy: Hélcio R. Gil-Santana; dateIdentified: 2007; Event: samplingProtocol: none specified; eventDate: 1956-05; Record Level: modified: 2015-04-14; language: en; institutionCode: MNRJ; collectionCode: Campos Seabra collection; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: E. Furtado; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:organismnames.com:name:4352608; scientificName: Aristathlus imperatorius Bergroth, 1913; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hemiptera; family: Reduviidae; genus: Aristathlus; specificEpithet: imperatorius; scientificNameAuthorship: Bergroth, 1913; Location: country: Brazil; countryCode: BR; stateProvince: Mato Grosso; locality: Diamantino, Arinos River; verbatimLatitude: 14° 22' S; verbatimLongitude: 56° 07' W; Identification: identifiedBy: Hélcio R. Gil-Santana; dateIdentified: 2007; Event: samplingProtocol: none specified; eventDate: 2002-11-16; Record Level: modified: 2015-04-14; language: en; institutionCode: MNRJ; collectionCode: Entomology; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Mus. Goeldi 17/10 D01; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:organismnames.com:name:4352608; scientificName: Aristathlus imperatorius Bergroth, 1913; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hemiptera; family: Reduviidae; genus: Aristathlus; specificEpithet: imperatorius; scientificNameAuthorship: Bergroth, 1913; Location: country: Brazil; countryCode: BR; locality: no specific locality; Identification: identifiedBy: P. Wygodzsinky; Event: samplingProtocol: none specified; Record Level: modified: 2015-04-14; language: en; institutionCode: AMNH; collectionCode: Entomology; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Richter; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:organismnames.com:name:4352608; scientificName: Aristathlus imperatorius Bergroth, 1913; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hemiptera; family: Reduviidae; genus: Aristathlus; specificEpithet: imperatorius; scientificNameAuthorship: Bergroth, 1913; Location: country: Colombia; countryCode: CO; stateProvince: Meta; locality: Rio Ocoa; minimumElevationInMeters: 100; maximumElevationInMeters: 100; Identification: identifiedBy: D. Forero; dateIdentified: 2008; Event: samplingProtocol: none specified; eventDate: 1945-05-20; habitat: selva; Record Level: modified: 2015-04-14; language: en; institutionCode: ICN; collectionCode: Entomology; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: E.L. Schlinger & E.S. Ross; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:organismnames.com:name:4352608; scientificName: Aristathlus imperatorius Bergroth, 1913; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hemiptera; family: Reduviidae; genus: Aristathlus; specificEpithet: imperatorius; scientificNameAuthorship: Bergroth, 1913; Location: country: Peru; countryCode: PE; stateProvince: Huanuco; locality: Tingo María, Monzón Valley; Identification: identifiedBy: P. Wygodzsinky; Event: samplingProtocol: none specified; eventDate: 1954-09-23; Record Level: modified: 2015-04-14; language: en; institutionCode: AMNH; collectionCode: Entomology; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

 Taxon discussion

Given that Perty’s type specimen is lost, we base our conclusions on Perty's original description and illustration of R. iopterus (Perty 1834) (Fig. 1). We also examined several specimens identified as A. imperatorius (Fig. 2, Gil-Santana 2007 and Forero et al. 2008). The examined material is deposited in the following institutions: American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (AMNH), Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia (ICN), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (MNRJ). From our examination of the specimens of A. imperatorius, we conclude that this species is a junior subjective synonym of Reduvius iopterus.

Both Perty (1834) and Bergroth (1913) described or illustrated the same color pattern and body structure for both R. iopterus and A. imperatorius. The main congruent aspects are the pale or yellowish U-like pattern on the dark posterior lobe of the pronotum, the yellow scutellum, the dark hemelytra, the metallic colored hemelytral membrane, and the swollen mesofemur (Forero et al. 2008) (Figs 1, 2).

There is no doubt that a synonymic proposal would be better based on the examination of the type specimens of the taxa involved. However, the identities of the known species in Aristathlus are not in dispute, even though Bergroth’s type specimens for both species have not been located and may be lost (Forero et al. 2008).

Neotype designations have to be done carefully (Winston 1999). Article 75 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) clearly states that if there is no complex problem to be resolved (such as the identity of a taxon), there should not be any neotype designations (Article 75.2). Because the identity of Aristathlus species is not in dispute, we therefore refrain from designating such neotypes.

The taxonomic revision was carried out by accurately examining the differences between male gentalia of the two species involved. These differences are congruent with the color patterns exhibited by each of the species. Therefore, color pattern is an accurate way of identifying species in Aristathlus even when no other morphological data are available, which is the situation faced here. As far as we are aware, there are no species of Neotropical Harpactorini that could be confused with R. iopterus or A. imperatorius, based either on the coloration pattern or on the body and leg structure. Reduvius iopterus cannot be confused with the other species of Aristathlus, A. regalis, since it is easily distinguished from R. iopterus or A. imperatorius by its conspicuous yellow markings, including a transverse yellow band on the corium (Forero et al. 2008​). We regard the evidence presented sufficient to warrant the synonym proposed here.

 Discussion

Even though we have not examined the type specimens for these two species, the original descriptions (Bergroth 1913, Perty 1834) and the illustration from (Perty 1834) (Fig. 1) allow us to confidently propose the synonymy suggested above, given that the color pattern and leg structure are the same in the two named species.

It is also noteworthy that both taxa were recorded from the Amazon region, in which there is no other species known to us with the same general coloration and body structure, which reinforces the present synonymy. The superficial resemblance of Aristathlus to Zelus in the elongated body, as suggested by Bergroth (1913), was possibly the reason why Reduvius iopterus was placed in Zelus (as Zelus iopterus) by Stål (1872).

Finally, in accordance with Article 67 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), A. imperatorius Bergroth, a junior synonym of A. iopterus (Perty) still remains the type species of Aristathlus Bergroth.

 Acknowledgements

We thank “Biblioteca Brasiliana Guita e José Mindlin”, University of São Paulo (USP), which, in the person of Daniela Pires, kindly furnished a digital copy of the figure of Reduvius iopterus in Perty´s work.

 References Amyot C. J. B. Serville A. 1843 Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Hémiptères Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret Paris lxxvi + 675 Bérenger J. M. 2003 Iquitozelus couturieri, nouveaux genre et nouvelle espèce d’Harpactorinae du Pérou (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie (N. S.) 20 23 27 Bergroth E. 1913 A new Neotropical genus of Reduviidae. Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique 57 240 242 English Burmeister E. -G. 1983 Vorläufige Erfassung von J. B. v. Spix undVorläufige Erfassung von J. B. v. Spix und C. F. Ph. v. Martius in Brasilien gesammelter Insektengruppen aus der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München, die von M. Perty bearbeitet wurden Spixiana Supplement 9 265 281 German Elkins J. C. 1954 A new American harpactorine genus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine 12 39 48 Fabricius J. C. 1803 Systema Rhyngotorum secundum ordines, genera, species adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus C. Reichard Brunsvigae x+314 Forero D. Gil-Santana H. R. Doesburg P. H. van 2008 Redescription of the Neotropical genus Aristathlus (Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae). Advances in Heteroptera Research. Festschrift in Honour of 80th Anniversary of Michail Josifov. Pensoft Publishers Sofia-Moscow 18 English Gil-Santana H. R. 2007 New records of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Brazil Zootaxa 1390 59 68 English ICZN 1999 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 4th International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature London 306 English Lethierry L. Severin G. 1896 Catalogue général des Hémiptères. Tome III. Hétéroptères. R. Friedländer & Fils, Libraires-Éditeurs Berlin 275 French Maldonado C. J. 1990 Systematic Catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World Caribbean Journal of Science, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 694 English Perty M. 1834 Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in intinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX, jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi 1. Bavariae regis augustissimi peracto collegerunt Dr. J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Digessit descripsit, pingenda curativ Dr. Maximilianus Perty praefatus est et edidit Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Frid. Fleischer München 224 Latin Stål C. 1868 Hemiptera Fabriciana Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 7 93 131 Stål C. 1872 Enumeratio Reduviinorum Americae. In: Enumeratio Hemipterorum Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 10 66 128 Latin Winston J. E. 1999 Describing species: practical taxonomic procedure for biologists Columbia University Press New York 518 Wygodzinsky P. 1949 Elenco sistematico de los reduviiformes americanos Instituto de Medicina Regional de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, monografia 1 1 102 Spanish

Dorsal habitus of Reduvius iopterus as illustrated by Perty (1834) (his figure 15, plate XXXIV).

Dorsal habitus of Aristathlus iopterus (Perty 1834), male, [Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus]. Scale bar 5 mm.