Corresponding author: Tadashi Ishikawa (
Academic editor: Guanyang Zhang
The
A total of 115 species in 29 families of the suborder
Although central part of the Tokyo Metropolis is a highly urbanized area, it contains several large green spaces for landscaping, such as the Imperial Palace and Meiji Jingu (Shinto Shrine), where well-preserved and managed vegetation is present (
The hemipteran suborder
The approximately 1,300 known heteropteran species of Japan are estimated to represent more than 80% of the possible total number of species (
Komaba Campus of the University of Tokyo provides the comparatively small green spaces surrounded by a highly urbanized zones in central Tokyo. Within the campus, appropriately maintained forests, shrubs and grasslands fill spaces among a number of buildings and athletic fields. Recently, two remarkable true bug species were found from broadleaf angiosperms in this campus; one was reported as a new species (
The present paper documents the first comprehensive inventory for the heteropteran fauna in the Komaba Campus, which represents a model case of extensive research on the fauna of small green spaces in central Tokyo. We also discuss the characteristics of the heteropteran fauna on the campus in comparison with those exhibited in other urbanized or suburbanized localities in Tokyo.
This research was carried out at Komaba Campus (
All specimens were collected by our research group (TI, MUS, KKY, and TK) using the following methods: net sweeping (including visual searches), UV light trap (using a high-intensity discharge lamp), and Tullgren funnels. The net sweeping method was used 41 times from April 2013 to May 2014 for a maximum of two hours per day in the daytime. The light trap method was carried out eight times from May 2013 to February 2014 for 1–1.5 hours per day shortly after sunset. Insects collected by the net sweeping and light trap methods were killed with ethyl acetate soon after capture. Sampling of the leaf litter fauna was carried out on November 28, 2013. Shortly after sampling, the leaf litter heteropterans were extracted from the sample by using Tullgren funnels, and fixed in plastic bottles filled with 60–70% ethanol. The extraction period was two days. All specimens were dried at room temperature and mounted for morphological examination.
Species identification and the determination of postembryonic developmental stage and sex were performed under a stereoscopic microscope (Olympus SZ61, Tokyo, Japan) by TI, using
The similarities in species composition (occurrence or absence) were examined using a similarity index, Jaccard distances of assemblage, for the Komaba Campus and six localities in Tokyo as reference sites (Table
In this study, a total of 1,541 specimens were collected and 115 species in 29 families of
Known as a recent alien species to Japan (
Known as a recent alien species to Japan (
Known as a recent alien species to Japan (
First record in Tokyo.
First record in Tokyo.
So far known as “
Known as a recent alien species to Japan (Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefecture) (
First record in Tokyo.
First record in Tokyo.
Recently rediscovered after being undetected for 59 years (
First record from eastern Japan as well as Tokyo.
First record from eastern Japan as well as Tokyo.
Recently described as a new species from Komaba Campus (
Probably belongs to an undescribed species.
First record in Tokyo.
Correspond to an undescribed species listed as “
First record in Tokyo.
First record in Tokyo.
Known as a recent alien species to Japan (Tokyo) (
First record in Tokyo.
First record in Tokyo.
Cluster analysis based on Jaccard distances revealed two major assemblage groups; one consisted of highly to moderately urbanized localities (Meiji Jingu, Akasaka Imperial Gardens, Imperial Palace, Mizumoto Park, and the campus) and the other of suburbanized localities (Kusabana Hills and Ome City) (Fig.
In our qualitative survey, we recorded 115 species of
Cluster analysis of assemblages revealed two major groups (Fig.
We thank Nozomu Utsuki and Takaya Iwasaki (formerly of the University of Tokyo) for their kind help with the fieldwork. We are also grateful to Guanyang Zhang (Arizona State University), Tomohide Yasunaga (American Museum of Natural History; c/o JICA Myanmar Office) and Dávid Rédei (Nankai University; Hungarian Natural History Museum) for valuable commnets on the manuscript. Part of this study was financially supported by the GRENE (Green Network of Excellence) Environmental Information by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.
Locations of the Komaba Campus and six reference sites in Tokyo, Japan.
The aerial photograph of the Komaba Campus (taken in 2009 by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan).
An example of a campus sampling point, indicating as "pic1" in Fig.
An example of a campus sampling point, indicating as "pic2" in Fig.
An example of a campus sampling point, indicating as "pic3" in Fig.
An example of a campus sampling point, indicating as "pic4" in Fig.
Cluster analysis of
Detailed characteristics of each reference site. All sites are situated in Tokyo (see Fig.
Locality | Site area (ha) | Environment aspect | Number of species | Reference (for number of species) |
Meiji Jingu | 70 | highly urbanized | 83 |
|
Akasaka Imperial Gardens | 51 | highly urbanized | 80 | |
Imperial Palace | 115 | highly urbanized | 133 | |
Mizumoto Park | 94 | moderately urbanized | 96 |
|
Kusabana Hills | 2200 | suburbanized | 81 |
|
Ome City | 10000 | suburbanized | 90 |
|
List of species collected by net sweeping, light traps, and Tullgren funnels in Komaba Campus of the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Family | Species | Net sweeping | Light trap | Tullgren funnel |
|
3 | 0 | 10 | |
|
0 | 0 | 1 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
5 | 0 | 0 | |
|
0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
106 | 0 | 0 | |
|
6 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
3 | 0 | 0 | |
|
12 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
28 | 0 | 0 | |
|
45 | 0 | 0 | |
|
36 | 0 | 0 | |
|
16 | 0 | 0 | |
|
6 | 0 | 0 | |
|
2 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
5 | 0 | 0 | |
|
47 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
134 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
6 | 0 | 0 | |
|
9 | 0 | 0 | |
|
2 | 1 | 0 | |
|
24 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
3 | 0 | 0 | |
|
3 | 0 | 0 | |
|
13 | 0 | 0 | |
|
5 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 7 | 0 | |
|
44 | 0 | 0 | |
|
10 | 1 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
12 | 0 | 0 | |
|
16 | 0 | 0 | |
|
6 | 1 | 0 | |
|
9 | 0 | 0 | |
|
36 | 0 | 0 | |
|
8 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
43 | 0 | 0 | |
|
7 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 2 | 0 | |
|
15 | 0 | 0 | |
|
2 | 0 | 0 | |
|
47 | 3 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
16 | 0 | 0 | |
|
11 | 0 | 0 | |
|
16 | 12 | 0 | |
|
3 | 4 | 0 | |
|
112 | 1 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
14 | 0 | 0 | |
|
0 | 23 | 0 | |
|
10 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
3 | 0 | 0 | |
|
27 | 0 | 0 | |
|
2 | 0 | 0 | |
|
0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
9 | 1 | 0 | |
|
1 | 2 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
2 | 1 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
0 | 1 | 0 | |
|
16 | 0 | 0 | |
|
20 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
45 | 0 | 0 | |
|
15 | 0 | 0 | |
|
175 | 0 | 0 | |
|
29 | 0 | 0 | |
|
3 | 0 | 0 | |
|
18 | 1 | 0 | |
|
3 | 0 | 0 | |
|
2 | 0 | 0 | |
|
2 | 0 | 0 | |
|
4 | 0 | 0 | |
|
3 | 0 | 0 | |
|
2 | 0 | 0 | |
|
7 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
4 | 0 | 0 | |
|
3 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
8 | 0 | 0 | |
|
5 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
2 | 0 | 0 | |
|
12 | 0 | 0 | |
|
5 | 0 | 0 | |
|
2 | 0 | 0 | |
|
0 | 0 | 2 | |
|
4 | 0 | 1 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
2 | 0 | 0 | |
|
10 | 0 | 0 | |
|
5 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
2 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 3 | 0 | |
|
3 | 3 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
10 | 6 | 1 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 | |
|
1 | 0 | 0 |