Biodiversity Data Journal Biodiversity Data Journal Biodiversity Data Journal BDJ 1314-2836 1314-2828 Pensoft Publishers Biodiversity Data Journal 10.3897/BDJ.3.e4878 4017 Taxonomic paper Araneae Tetragnathidae Identification Key(s) Taxonomy Systematics Asia Bridging the distributional gap of Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) and new synonymy (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) Kulkarni Siddharth sskspider@gmail.com ‡ Yadav Swara § Biome Conservation Foundation, Pune, 18, Silver Moon Apts.,1/2A/2, Bavdhan Kh.,Pune 411021, India Zoology Department, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, Satara, Maharashtra, India

Corresponding author: Siddharth Kulkarni (sskspider@gmail.com).

Academic editor: Pedro Cardoso

 2015 26 03 2015 3 e4878 12 03 2015 25 03 2015 Siddharth Kulkarni, Swara Yadav This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Background

Although Tylorida striata has not been reported from India, observations on India Biodiversity Portal (IBP 2015), an open access repository for biodiversity information of Indian subcontinent, showed images resembling this species. The respective locality in Gujarat, India was explored and specimens were studied to confirm record of T. striata in India. Literature study showed some taxonomic lacunae which needed to be resolved.

 New information

The tetragnathid spider Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) is redescribed on examination of its long unknown syntypes from Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi deposited in the Natural History Museum of Giacomo Doria, Genoa, Italy and additional material from Kendari and other Indonesian regions. Description of Tylorida stellimicans (Simon, 1885) mentions its identity with T. striata, which however characterizes sub-adult of T. striata and is accordingly synonymized. Tylorida striata is newly recorded from India which links the distributional gap between China to Australia and Comoros Islands. Distributional and taxonomic records of Tylorida species with T. striata- like globose abdomen infer probable synonymy, which is subject to genus revision.

 Tylorida syntypes synonymy new record wide distribution. Ernst Mayr Travel Grant to Siddharth Kulkarni for studying museum specimens Introduction

The World Spider Catalog (2015) currently consists of ten accepted Tylorida species distributed in parts of Asia, Australasia and Africa. Simon (1894) established genus Tylorida on the basis of Meta striata Thorell, 1877. Currently valid as Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877), this species has a long and interesting taxonomic and faunistic history. In a series of publications on spiders from Malaysia and Papua New Guinea, Thorell (1877) described Meta striata based on female specimens collected from Kandari (now Kendari), South east Sulawesi, Indonesia mentioning this species is also found on Amboina (now Ambon Islands), Indonesia. Hasselt (1882) described its male from Sumatra. Strand (1922) reported a male from Bandar Bahive, Sumatra. He noted that it is not easy to identify this species on the basis of previous literature and warned that, difficulty in understanding its femoral setae could lead to its placement in wrong genus. Gerhardt (1923) nicely illustrated the male palp showing the coiled spermatic ducts.

Bösenberg and Strand (1906) described Tylorida magniventer from an unknown location in Japan which was later synonymised with T. striata by Tanikawa (2005). Tylorida striata has been reported a number of times from Japan (Yaginuma (1960), Yaginuma (1971), Yaginuma (1986)). Kulczyński (1911) reported the species from Andai, North New Guinea based on a female specimen; Chrysanthus (1963), Chrysanthus (1975) reported the species based on a female from South New Guinea; Lee (1966) reported a male from Taiwan; Davies (1988) illustrated female epigynum and male palp using Australian specimens.

Dimitrov et al. (2008) examined male holotype of Sternospina concretipalpis Schmidt & Krause, 1993 from the Comoros Islands and synonymised with T. striata, thus extending the species distribution far to the west. They noted conspicuous distributional gap and speculated that it may be due to lack of study, particularly from the Indian subcontinent. A detailed morphological description and phylogenetic position of T. striata in reference to its genus was provided in the atlas of Tetragnathidae (Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga 2011). However, the whereabouts of Thorell's type(s) of Meta striata were unknown (Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga 2011, Dimitrov et al. 2008).

 Materials and methods

Syntypes of Meta striata were loaned from Natural History Museum of Giacomo Doria, Genoa, Italy (MSNG) at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands for examination by Siddharth Kulkarni and imaged using Nikon DS-Ri1 mounted on Leica M165C™ stereozoom microscope, Indonesian material using Zeiss™ Stemi SV11 stereomicroscope and Indian material using Brunel IMXZ™stereozoom microscope and imaged using Canon 1200D™ mounted camera. Indonesian specimens are deposited at Naturalis Biodiversity Center (RMNH), Leiden, The Netherlands and Indian specimens are deposited at Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), Mumbai. Map was prepared using QGIS (2015). All morphological measurements are in millimetres (mm).

 Taxon treatments Tylorida striata853163853158 (Thorell, 1877) Meta striata Thorell, 1877: 427. Meta striata Hasselt, 1882: 25. Argyroepeira bigibba Thorell, 1887: 140. Argyroepeira s. Thorell, 1887: 142. T. striata Simon, 1894a: 737, f. 809. Argyroepeira s. Workman & Workman, 1894: 19, pl. 19. Tylorida magniventer Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 187, pl. 15, f. 397. T. striata Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 187, pl. 15, f. 420. Sternospina concretipalpis Schmidt and Krause, 1993: 7, f. 1. Tylorida stellimicans Simon, 1885: 449. New synonymy. Materials

Type status: Syntype. Occurrence: recordedBy: O. Beccari; individualCount: 2; sex: Female; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: locationID: Ambon Islands, Indonesia; continent: Asia; islandGroup: Maluku archipelago; island: Ambon; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; Identification: identifiedBy: Thorell; identificationReferences: Studi sui Ragni Malesi e Papuani. I. Thorell, T. (1877); Event: year: 1874; Record Level: type: specimen; institutionID: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria”, Italy; institutionCode: MSNG; basisOfRecord: Preserved specimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: C.L.and P.R. Deeleman; individualCount: 1; sex: 1 female; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: locationID: TYPE LOCALITY; continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: SOUTH EAST SULAWESI; locality: Taneah, 40 km south of Kendari, sea-faced; Event: eventDate: 08/11/1980; Record Level: type: specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: BNHS Sp. 139–144; occurrenceRemarks: live in its orb web; recordedBy: Prathamesh Patel; individualCount: 6; sex: 6 females; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: locationID: 853155; continent: Asia; country: India; countryCode: IN; stateProvince: Gujarat; locality: Pariyer; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; decimalLatitude: 22.56; decimalLongitude: 72.954; Identification: identifiedBy: Siddharth Kulkarni; identificationReferences: Studi sui Ragni Malesi e Papuani. I. Thorell, T. (1877); Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae. Álvarez-Padilla, F.; Event: samplingProtocol: visual searching; eventDate: 2014-07-09; year: 2014; month: 7; day: 9; habitat: Low grass; eventRemarks: post monsoon; Record Level: type: specimen; institutionID: Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai; collectionID: Spider; institutionCode: BNHS; collectionCode: Sp.; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: BNHS Sp. 154-157; occurrenceRemarks: live in its orb web; recordedBy: Atul Vartak; individualCount: 4; sex: 4 females; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: continent: Asia; country: India; stateProvince: Maharashtra; locality: Boisar; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; decimalLatitude: 19.8; decimalLongitude: 72.75; Identification: identifiedBy: Siddharth Kulkarni; identificationReferences: Studi sui Ragni Malesi e Papuani. I. Thorell, T. (1877); Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae. Álvarez-Padilla, F.; Event: samplingProtocol: visual searching; eventDate: 2014-10-10; year: 2014; month: 10; day: 10; habitat: Low grass; eventRemarks: post monsoon; Record Level: type: specimen; institutionID: Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai; collectionID: Spider; institutionCode: BNHS; collectionCode: Sp.; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: C.L and P.R. Deeleman; individualCount: 5; sex: 4 females, 1 juvenile; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: NORTH SULAWESI; locality: (Palu) Lore Lindu Res; Event: eventDate: 07/23/1982; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: C.L and P.R. Deeleman; individualCount: 1; sex: 1 Female; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: SUMATRA; locality: 20 km east of Medan; Event: eventDate: 01/07/2001; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Deeleman; individualCount: 2; sex: 1 male, 1 juvenile; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: SUMATRA; locality: Mount Singalang; Event: eventDate: 07/10/1994; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: leg. Preston; individualCount: 2; sex: 1 male, 1 female; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: SULAWESI; locality: Tangkoko; Event: eventDate: 02/26/1997; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: leg. Preston-Mafham; individualCount: 21; sex: 15 females, 6 juveniles; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: BALI; locality: Ambengan; Event: eventDate: 03/19/1990; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Deeleman and leg. Suh. Djojosudharmo; individualCount: 4; sex: 3 females, 1 juvenile; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: SUMBAWA BESAR; locality: Samokat, 20 km west; Event: eventDate: 01/03/1990; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Leg. M.v.D. Putten; individualCount: 3; sex: 3 juveniles; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: WEST IRIAN; locality: Sorong; Event: eventDate: 08/05/1984; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Deeleman and leg. Suh. Djojosudharmo; individualCount: 3; sex: 2 females,1 juvenile; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: WEST SUMATRA; locality: Mount Singalang; Event: eventDate: 10/19-07-1994; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: P.R. Deeleman; individualCount: 1; sex: 1 male; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: EAST KALIMANTAN; locality: Sepaku; Event: eventDate: 07/13/1979; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Deeleman; individualCount: 3; sex: 3 females; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: BALI; locality: Ambengan; Event: eventDate: 01/20/1990; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Deeleman; individualCount: 1; sex: 1 female; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: AMBON; locality: Hila Garden; Event: eventDate: 01/30/1995; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Deeleman and leg. Suh. Djojoosudharmo; individualCount: 3; sex: 1 male, 2 females; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: WEST.SUMATRA; locality: Mount Singalang; Event: eventDate: 07/12/1994; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Deeleman and leg. Suh. Djojoosudharmo; individualCount: 12; sex: 3 males, 9 females; Taxon: taxonID: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:014401; scientificName: Tylorida striata; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Arachnida; order: Araneae; family: Tetragnathidae; genus: Tylorida; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: (Thorell, 1877); Location: continent: Asia; country: Indonesia; countryCode: IDN; stateProvince: NORTH BALI; locality: Ambengan; Event: eventDate: 01/09/1990; Record Level: type: Specimen; institutionID: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; institutionCode: RMNH; collectionCode: Arachnida; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

 Description

Syntypes (Fig. 1) (examined by Siddharth Kulkarni). Two adult females, undissected epigyna, abdomen detached from cephalothorax; abdomen of one female damaged right laterally. Measurements of one syntype. Total length 5.36, carapace 2.03, 1.60 wide, abdomen 2.74 long, 3.14 high.

Carapace brown, sternum and legs fawn; trichobothrial sockets on proximal quarter length of femora IV. Abdomen yellowish brown with shiny guanine patches lined from apex towards ventral side, as also seen in live specimen (Fig. 2). Abdomen globose, roughly triangular in lateral view with two small tubercles at apex. Epigynal plate flat, 1.5 times wider than long, coils of fertilization ducts seen translucently (Fig. 1c).

Dissected epigynum in other material shows, coiled and sclerotized fertilization and copulatory ducts, parallel just before joining spermatheca (Fig. 3​).

Remarks

The female length of T. striata per taxonomic literature and examined specimens ranges between 3.2-5.5 mm (Suppl. material 1​). Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga (2011) reported average size of female as 10 mm which is an error (pers. comm. Fernando Álvarez-Padilla).

 Synonymy

Original description of T. stellimicans by Simon (1885)​ mentioned 'excessivement voisine' (extremely close) to T. striata distinguished T. stellimicans on the basis of arrangement and size of eyes. This description is of sub-adult T. striata where eye dimensions vary and ventral side of abdomen including epigynal plate surface is blackish. Also, wide distribution of T. striata including locality region of T. stellimicans and apparent absence of records elsewhere of T. stellimicans; we propose T. stellimicans as synonym of T. striata.

 Taxon discussion

Dimitrov et al. (2008) stated the location of type material was uncertain and possibly in the Natural History Museum of the city of Geneva based on unpublished notes of Levi. The type(s) of T. striata are not there and none of Thorell’s types have been deposited in Geneva (pers. comm. Peter Schwendinger, Curator, Natural History Museum, Geneva). There is likely to be confusion between Geneva (Switzerland) and Genoa (Italy) due to similar spellings and pronunciation. Many of Thorell’s types have been deposited at Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (also known as the Natural History Museum of Giacomo Doria, Genoa). The existence of two syntypes collected by O. Beccari in 1874 from Kandari, Indonesia was confirmed (Fig. 1d) at this museum in Genoa. Thorell (1877) mentions collection of three females, but only two were found in the vial labelled as ‘Cotypi’ and one remaining specimen is missing.

 Discussion

The new record of T. striata from the Indian peninsula joins the disjunction of this species’ distribution between Comoros Islands and China to Australia (Fig. 4). Interestingly, the species is found on either sides of the Wallace line, thus distributed throughout the two ecozones of Asia (Indo-Malayan & Palearctic) and Australasia. The record from Comoros Islands, which belongs to the Afrotropical ecozone is noteworthy. The wide distribution of T. striata could be attributed to the dispersal and adaptive capacity of this species. On the other hand, Tylorida sataraensis Kulkarni, 2014 is restricted to a smaller part of Western Ghats in India (Kulkarni and Lewis 2015). These distributional variations of species belonging to same genus may suggest contrasting adaptive capacities, since T. striata undoubtedly sustains in anthropogenically exploited habitats whereas, T. sataraensis is a habitat specialist, currently under threat of habitat degradation (Kulkarni 2014, Kulkarni and Lewis 2015). Two other Tylorida species having T. striata-like globose abdomen, Tylorida mornensis (Benoit, 1978) and Tylorida seriata (Thorell, 1899) are only known from their respective type localities (Fig. 4). Tylorida seriata has not been reported since its original description from Cameroon whereas T. mornensis was recorded again from its type locality Seychelles and reported as endemic (Saaristo 2003, Saaristo 2010​). Whether this is a natural disjunction, or due to lack of study (Dimitrov et al. 2008​) or a case of synonymy similar to T. stellimicans needs to be resolved, subject to a future genus revision.

 Acknowledgements

Thanks to Maria Tavano for loan of syntypes, Christa Deeleman-Reinhold for making the South-east Asian collection available, Jeremy Miller for provision of laboratory resources at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, Peter Schwendinger and Christian Kropf for help in locating the types of Meta striata. Thanks also to Atul Vartak and Prathamesh Patel for help during field work, Jeremy Miller, Cor Vink, Dimitar Dimitrov and Pedro Cardoso for suggestions to the manuscript. Siddharth Kulkarni would like to thank Ernst Mayr Travel Grant received for studying museum specimens.

 Author contributions

Siddharth Kulkarni was involved in field work, specimen examination and manuscript writing, Swara Yadav reviewed the literature and examined specimens from India.

 References Álvarez-Padilla Fernando Hormiga Gustavo 2011 Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 4 713 879 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x Bösenberg W Strand E 1906 Japanische Spinnen 30 Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 93-422 Chrysanthus P 1963 Spiders from south New Guinea V Nova Guinea (Nova Serie, Zoologia) 24 727 750 Chrysanthus P 1975 Further notes on the spiders of New Guinea II (Araneae, Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae) Zoologische Verhandelingen 140 1 50 Davies V. T. 1988 An illustrated guide to the genera of orbweaving spiders in Australia Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25 273 332 Dimitrov D Álvarez-Padilla F Hormiga G 2008 Until dirt do us apart: On the unremarkable palp morphology of the spider Sternospina concretipalpis Schmidt Zootaxa 1698 49 56 Gerhardt U. 1923 Weitere sexualbiologische Untersuchung an Spinnen Archiv für Naturgeschichte 89 1 125 Hasselt A. W. M. van 1882 Araneae Weth P. J. Midden Sumatra IV. 3de Aflev Naturlijke Historie Leiden, 11A 1-56 India Biodiversity Portal http://indiabiodiversity.org/group/spiderindia/show 2015-02-14T00:00:00+02:00 Kulczyński W. 1911 Spinnen aus Nord-Neu-Guinea. In: Nova Guinea. Resultats de l'expedition Scientifiqe neerlandaise a la Nouvelle Guinee en 1903 sous les auspices d'Arthur Wichmann Leiden Zool 3 4 423 518 Kulkarni Siddharth 2014 A new species of the genus Tylorida Simon, 1894 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from a rocky outcrop in the northern Western Ghats, India Journal of Threatened Taxa 6 3 5558 5561 10.11609/jott.o3606.5558-61 Kulkarni Siddharth Lewis Todd 2015 Description of male Tylorida sataraensis Kulkarni, 2014 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) with notes on habits and conservation status Biodiversity Data Journal 3 e4451 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/bdj.3.e4451 10.3897/bdj.3.e4451 Lee CL 1966 Spiders of Formosa (Taiwan). Taichung Junior. Teachers College Publisher 84 QGIS 2015 QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. 2.8.1 Saaristo M. I. 2003 Tetragnathid spiders of Seychelles (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) Phelsuma 11 13 28 Saaristo M. I. 2010 Araneae In Gerlach, J. Siri Scientific Press Manchester UK 304 Simon E 1885 Matériaux pour servir à la faune arachnologiques de l'Asie méridionale. III. Arachnides recueillis en 1884 dans la presqu'île de Malacca, par par M. J. Morgan. IV. Arachnides recueillis à Collegal, district de Coimbatoore, par M. A. Theobald G. R. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 10 436 462 Simon E 1894 Histoire naturelle des araignées 1 Paris 489‑760 Strand E. 1922 Über einige indoaustralische Spinnen Archiv für Naturgeschichte 88 4 143 149 Tanikawa A. 2005 Japanese spiders of the genus Tylorida (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) Acta Arachnologica, Tokyo 53 151 154 Thorell T. 1877 Studi sui Ragni Malesi e Papuani. I. Ragni di Selebes raccolti nel 1874 dal Dott. O. Beccari Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 10 341 637 World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern (version 16) http://wsc.nmbe.ch 2015-03-01T00:00:00+02:00 Yaginuma T. 1960 Spiders of Japan in colour Hoikusha Osaka 186 Yaginuma T. 1971 Spiders of Japan in colour (enlarged and revised edition) Hoikusha Osaka 197 Yaginuma T. 1986 Spiders of Japan in color (new ed.) Hoikusha Publishing Co. Osaka 229

Meta striata, female syntype.

Habitus (detached cephalothorax and abdomen placed together), dorsal view (Scale=5 mm)

Abdomen of same syntype, lateral view (Scale=3 mm)

Vulva, ventral view (Scale=0.3 mm)

Labels in syntype vial

Tylorida striata, live female from India (BNHS Sp. 139).

Tylorida striata, vulva, dorsal view, specimen from India (BNHS Sp. 139) CD- copulatory duct, FD- fertilization duct, S- spermatheca (Scale=0.2 mm).

Map showing distribution of Tylorida species with T. striata-like globose abdomen.

Female length of Tylorida striata per taxonomic reference, examined syntypes and specimens from India

Data type: Morphological

File: oo_39588.xlsx

Siddharth Kulkarni and Swara Yadav