Biodiversity Data JournalBiodiversity Data JournalBiodiversity Data JournalBDJ1314-28361314-2828Pensoft PublishersBiodiversity Data Journal10.3897/BDJ.3.e45673899Taxonomic paperHexapodaDipteraNematoceraCulicomorphaCulicidaeInsectaAnimaliaInvertebrataArthropodaCatalogues and ChecklistsSystematicsAmericasSouth AmericaColombiaUpdated list of the mosquitoes of Colombia (Diptera: Culicidae)Rozo-LopezPaulapaula.rozo.lopez@gmail.com‡MengualXimo§Bonn University, Bonn, GermanyZoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
Corresponding author: Paula Rozo-Lopez (paula.rozo.lopez@gmail.com).
Academic editor: Daniel Whitmore
2015090320153e45672101201502032015Paula Rozo-Lopez, Ximo MengualThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Background
A revised list of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) known to occur in Colombia is presented. A total of 324 species from 28 genera of Culicidae are included. The species names are organized in alphabetical order according to the current generic and subgeneric classification, along with their authorship. The list is compiled in order to support mosquito research in Colombia.
New information
Our systematic review and literature survey found, by 16 February 2015, 13 records of culicid species previously overlooked by mosquito catalogs for Colombia: Anophelescostai da Fonseca & da Silva Ramos, 1939, An.fluminensis Root, 1927, An.malefactor Dyar & Knab, 1907, An.shannoni Davis, 1931, An.vargasi Galbadón, Cova García & Lopez, 1941, Culexmesodenticulatus Galindo & Mendez, 1961, Haemagoguscapricornii Lutz, 1904, Isostomyiaespini (Martini, 1914), Johnbelkinialeucopus (Dyar & Knab, 1906), Mansoniaindubitans Dyar & Shannon, 1925, Psorophorasaeva Dyar & Knab, 1906, Sabethesglaucodaemon (Dyar & Shannon, 1925), and Wyeomyiaintonca Dyar & Knab, 1909. Moreover, Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) luteoventralis Theobald, 1901 is recorded for Colombia for the first time. This work provides important insights into mosquito diversity in Colombia, using the current nomenclature and phylogenetic rankings.
Currently, 3,543 species of Culicidae are formally recognized and distributed over a diverse range of habitats around the world (Harbach 2015). Colombia, one of the world's megadiverse countries, has a highly diverse mosquito fauna and a high prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases (Morrone 2006, Foley et al. 2008, Hudson 2010, Montoya-Lerma et al. 2011). The tremendous variety of ecosystems in Colombia provides environmental conditions that favor the immigration, adaptation, development and persistence of a great diversity of mosquito species (Molina et al. 2000, Olano et al. 2001, Foley et al. 2007, Barreto et al. 2008, Brochero and Quiñones 2008).
Six mosquito catalogs list species that occur in Colombia: Barreto-Reyes (1955) reported 164 species; Knight and Stone (1977) reported 250 species; Carrejo and González (1992) listed 260 recognized species; Walter Reed Medical Army (1998) reported also 260 species; and lastly, 289 species were reported in the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit mosquito catalog (Gaffigan et al. 2014). Recent changes in mosquito taxonomy, ranking of groups, and species names (Gaffigan et al. 2013, Harbach 2015) made it crucial to compile an updated list that follows the currently accepted classification, as well as includes new and overlooked species records for the country.
Materials and methods
The species list was compiled from information available in previously published mosquito catalogs for Colombia (Barreto-Reyes 1955, Knight and Stone 1977, Carrejo and González 1992, Walter Reed Medical Army 1998, Gaffigan et al. 2014) and other publications containing species reports not included in these catalogs (Kumm et al. 1946, Osorno-Mesa 1947, Lane 1953, Arnell 1976, Wilkerson 1990, Pecor et al. 1992, Harbach 1995, Barreto et al. 1996, Lounibos et al. 1998, Vélez et al. 1998, Molina et al. 2000, Ferro et al. 2003, Liria and Navarro 2003, Porter and Wolff 2004, González and Carrejo 2007, Ferro et al. 2008, Harbach and Howard 2009, Mendenhall et al. 2011, Barajas et al. 2013). The first record for Colombia of Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) luteoventralis Theobald, 1901 is based on a female collected with CDC traps in September 2013 in a tropical dry forest in La Pintada (Antioquia) [N 05.63646, W 075.59002, 710m above sea level]. The specimen was identified using Lane (1953), Motta and Lourenço-de-Oliveira (1995), Judd (1998), Motta and Lourenço-de-Oliveira (2000) as references.
The species presented in this list are arranged alphabetically by genus and subgenus. Species names are followed by their authorship and year of description, and the catalog or other source that first reported the species in Colombia. Our list follows the most recent mosquito classification compiled by Gaffigan et al. (2013) and Harbach (2015). Also, we follow the provisional 'sensu auctorum' placement of 'Ochlerotatus (Protomacleaya)', product of the polyphyletic assemblage of species reflected in the Aedini phylogeny reconstructed by Reinert et al. (2009). Junior synonyms, subspecies, biologically separate sibling species that lack formal names, and nomina dubia reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955) and Knight and Stone 1977 (Anophelesallopha Peryassú, 1921, Culexaikenii Aiken & Rowland, 1906, Culexvirgultus Theobald, 1901, Trichoprosoponhyperleucum (Martini, 1931)) are not included.
ChecklistsList of mosquito species known to occur in ColombiaAedeomyia (Aedeomyia) squamipennis(Lynch Arribálzaga, 1878)Notes
This paper comprises the most complete and up-to-date list of mosquito species known to occur in Colombia, with a total of 324 species and 28 genera listed according to the latest nomenclature and classification. Our systematic review and literature survey found, by 16 February 2015, 13 records of culicid speciesoverlooked by previous mosquito catalogs for Colombia. These are: Anophelescostai, An.fluminensis and An.shannoni (cited by González and Carrejo 2007), An.malefactor (cited by Wilkerson 1990), An.vargasi (cited by Osorno-Mesa 1947), Culexmesodenticulatus (cited by Barreto et al. 1996), Haemagoguscapricornii (cited by Kumm et al. 1946), Isostomyiaespini, Johnbelkinialeucopus and Sabethesglaucodaemon (cited by Molina et al. 2000), Mansoniaindubitans (cited by Ferro et al. 2008), Psorophorasaeva (cited by Liria and Navarro 2003 and Wyeomyiaintonca (cited by Porter and Wolff 2004).
In addition, we record Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) luteoventralis for the first time from Colombia. This species was originally described by Theobald (1901) from three females caught on human bait in Paraná state (Brazil). Wyeomyialuteoventralis is the type species of the subgenus Dendromyia Theobald, 1903 (Motta and Lourenço-de-Oliveira 1995). This species had been previously collected in Brazil, French Guiana, British Guiana, and Venezuela (Gaffigan et al. 2014); however, it has rarely been reported in biological, ecological and taxonomic studies in South America (Motta and Lourenço-de-Oliveira 1995).
Although this report represents the most comprehensive list of mosquito species for Colombia, the 324 species included in this updated listing are unlikely to be a complete inventory of the Colombian mosquito fauna. Biodiversity data suggest that around 1,000 mosquito species will eventually be described from southern U.S.A. to Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Belkin et al. 1965, Foley et al. 2008). Colombia, with its diversity of landscapes, is highly species-rich and is a potential hotspot of mosquito endemism (Foley et al. 2008). Furthermore, ongoing and rapid development in Colombia is expected in the next decade with a loss of habitat associated with the growth of urban centers, which will undoubtedly have an impact on species diversity (Montoya-Lerma et al. 2011). Moreover, the finding of new species to the Colombian fauna such as Wyeomyialuteoventralis indicates that future sampling may reveal further species records which could help improve the taxonomy and provide a more accurate estimate of Colombia's mosquito diversity. This work provides important insights into the mosquito diversity of Colombia. We expect it to serve as a useful platform for future work on the mosquitoes of Colombia as well as provide a context for non-vector species.
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to James Pecor (Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution, USA) for helping us with the identification of the Wyeomyia specimen and for sharing useful taxonomic literature. Also, many thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that helped us to improve the manuscript.
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