Biodiversity Data Journal Biodiversity Data Journal Biodiversity Data Journal BDJ 1314-2836 1314-2828 Pensoft Publishers Biodiversity Data Journal 10.3897/BDJ.2.e4167 3641 Taxonomic paper Braconidae Systematics Central America and the Caribbean First record of the genus Venanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) in Mesoamerica, with the description of two new species from Costa Rica Fernandez-Triana Jose L jftriana@uoguelph.ca † Whitfield James B ‡ Smith M. Alex § Hallwachs Winnie | Janzen Daniel H. Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Ottawa, Canada University of Illinois, Champaign, United States of America Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Canada Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USQA, United States of America Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America

Corresponding author: Jose L Fernandez-Triana (jftriana@uoguelph.ca).

Academic editor: Marek Borowiec

 2014 13 11 2014 2 e4167 15 10 2014 05 11 2014 Jose L Fernandez-Triana, James B Whitfield, M. Alex Smith, Winnie Hallwachs, Daniel H. Janzen This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

The New World genus Venanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) is a small group of parasitoid wasps that includes two Nearctic and seven Neotropical species. Here two additional species, authored by Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, are described from Costa Rica: V. johnnyrosalesi sp. n. from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) and V. randallgarciai sp. n. from Area de Conservación Cordillera Volcanica Central. They represent the first record of the genus for Mesoamerica. A previous key to all known Venanus (Whitfield et al. 2011) is modified to include the new species. The Costa Rican species were collected at altitudes of 1,400–1,460 m, but nothing is known of their biology. DNA barcodes were obtained for both species and are included as part of the description along with extensive photos. This paper is part of a series inventorying the diversity of Microgastrinae in ACG.

 Venanus Microgastrinae taxonomy Area de Conservación Guancaste Costa Rica Mesoamerica Introduction

Microgastrine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) have been intensively studied for the past few years in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica (Whitfield et al. 2011, Fernández-Triana et al. 2014). ACG has been inventorying all caterpillar taxa, their food plants, and their parasitoids since 1978 (Janzen et al. 2009, Janzen et al. 2012, Fernández-Triana et al. 2014). That work provides some of the world’s largest tropical location-based datasets for studying the taxonomy and host relationships of caterpillar parasitoids.

This paper is a continuation of those efforts, and deals with the genus Venanus in ACG. An additional species from Costa Rica (but not from ACG) was found in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa (CNC) and is also described below. The genus Venanus has been revised recently (Whitfield et al. 2011, Fernandez-Triana 2010) and nine species have been described from North and South America. The Costa Rican species represent the first record of Venanus for Mesoamerica.

 Materials and methods

Venanus is a rarely collected genus of Microgastrinae, and it is generally poorly represented in collections. This study is based on 22 specimens from the ACG inventory, and 1 specimen from Alajuela province (in Costa Rica but not in ACG) which was found in the CNC.

Morphological terms and measurements of structures are mostly as used by Mason (1981), Huber and Sharkey (1993), Whitfield (1997), Karlsson and Ronquist (2012), Fernández-Triana et al. (2014). The descriptions are brief and only include some body measurements that are commonly used in describing Microgastrinae (e.g., length of body, fore wing, and ovipositor sheath). These are complemented by extensive color photos of every species to illustrate, instead of describing with words, other details (e.g., color, shape, and sculpture). Geographic distribution is also provided in the key as supplementary information to aid the morphological identification of species.

Photos were taken with a Keyence VHX-1000 Digital Microscope, using a lens with a range of 13–130×. Multiple images through the focal plane were taken of a structure and these were combined to produce a single in-focus image, using the software associated with the Keyence System.

Detailed information about examined specimens (section "Materials" under Taxon treatments) was taken directly from the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) and imported into the Pensoft Writing Tool, as described in Fernandez-Triana et al. (2014).

In addition to the morphological descriptions, we provide DNA barcodes (the standardised region at the 5’ end of the cytochrome c oxidase I (CO1) gene, Hebert et al. 2003) whenever available. DNA barcodes for all ACG inventory specimens were obtained using DNA extracts prepared from single legs using a glass fibre protocol (Ivanova et al. 2006). Total genomic DNA was re-suspended in 30 μl of dH2O, and a 658-bp region near the 5’ terminus of the CO1 gene was amplified using standard primers (LepF1–LepR1) following established protocols (Smith et al. 2006, Smith et al. 2007, Smith et al. 2008). All information for the sequences associated with each individual specimen can be retrieved from BOLD (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007) via the publically available dataset: http://dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-VENANUS. A K2P tree was also generated with all sequences of described species of Venanus over 400 base pairs that were available in BOLD (Suppl. material 1).

 Taxon treatments Venanus Mason, 1981 Venanus Mason, 1981: 94. Diagnosis

The genus Venanus can be recognized by the following combination of features: Body shape shape relatively slender, often somewhat dorsoventrally flattened. Body color typically black nearly throughout, legs variable in color. Fore wing with closed areolet (r-m present). Metacoxae relatively small (as in Microplitis). Propodeum rugose, with medial carina present, at least for some portion of length. First metasomal tergite relatively elongate, of somewhat variable shape and degree of sculpturing. Second metasomal tergum with median raised area that is narrower than first tergite, at least at their junction. Ovipositor sheath distally with setae highly reduced in size (as in Distatrix, and Venanides). The genus is restricted to the New World, from as north as Canada (Yukon Territory) to Chile in South America (Mason 1981, Fernandez-Triana 2010, Whitfield et al. 2011). It is a relatively small genus, with nine species previoulsy described and a few other apparent new species found in collections (Whitfield et al. 2011). Leafmining and needle mining caterpillars were believed to be the main hosts (Mason 1981), however recently collecting and rearing of caterpiilas in South America suggests that other hosts such as Pyralidae might also be common (Whitfield et al. 2011).

 Venanus johnnyrosalesi urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FF576CD7-7AEB-4F14-B001-3BD0985222FA Fernández-Triana & Whitfield sp. n. Materials

Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031445; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031445; individualCount: 1; sex: Female; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38355; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 11/17/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031434; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031434; individualCount: 1; sex: Female; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38344; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 10/27/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031452; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031452; individualCount: 1; sex: Female; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38362; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 12/01/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031455; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031455; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38365; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 12/15/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031456; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031456; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38366; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 12/15/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031461; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031461; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38371; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 12/22/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031462; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031462; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38372; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 12/22/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031466; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031466; individualCount: 1; sex: Female; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38376; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 12/29/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031470; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031470; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38380; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 01/05/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031472; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031472; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38382; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 01/12/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031473; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031473; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38383; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 01/12/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031480; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031480; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38390; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 01/26/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031481; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031481; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38391; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 02/02/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031486; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031486; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38396; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/16/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031487; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031487; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38397; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/16/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031489; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031489; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38399; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/23/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031491; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031491; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38401; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/23/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031493; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031493; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38403; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/30/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031494; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031494; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38404; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/30/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031497; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031497; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38407; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/02/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031498; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031498; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38408; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/02/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031499; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031499; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38409; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 04/06/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

 Description

Female. Body length: 2.3 mm. Fore wing length: 2.2 mm. Flagellomere 2 length/width: 0.11 mm/0.05 mm. Flagellomere 14 length/width: 0.08 mm/0.06 mm. Oculo-ocellar distance: 0.14 mm. Distance between posterior ocelli: 0.08 mm. Diameter of posterior ocellus: 0.05 mm. Metafemur length/width: 0.52 mm/0.20 mm. Metatibia length: 0.62 mm. Mediotergite 1 length/maximum width/minimum width: 0.30/0.15/0.08 mm. Mediotergite 2 length/width at posterior margin: 0.13/0.08 mm. Figs 1, 2.

Male: As female, but metafemur thinner and antenna longer.

 Diagnosis

The mediotergite 1 is relatively long and with a slight constriction near anterior end (Fig. 2). That character is also shared with other three species of Venanus. However, V. johnnyrosalesi can be separated from V. helavai by its much smaller size (2.3 mm vs 2.8–3.0 mm) and less sculptured propodeum, from V. yanayacuensis by its wider discal cell in fore wing (1.0 × vs 1.2 × as wide as high), metasoma color (brown vs black) and fore wing vein 2RS significanly longer than vein r (shorter than r in yanayacuensis), and from V. randallgarciai by proportion of veins 2RS and r (1.4 × vs 2.0 ×), sculpture of metapleuron and mediotergite 2, and less narrow mediotergite 1 (narrowest width 0.8 × width at posterior margin vs 0.6 × in randallgarciai).

 Etymology

Venanus johnnyrosalesi is named in honor of Sr. Johnny Rosales, currently of San Jose, Costa Rica, but also a major user, appreciator and former director of ACG.

 Distribution

Only know from Volcán Cacao, ACG, Costa Rica.

 Notes

A total of 60 specimens (some of them not examined for this paper) were sampled for DNA, and 50 rendered full barcode sequences of 658 base pairs (see also Suppl. material 1). These sequences were characterised by very limited variation (a single synonymous, third base G/A transition). The holotype specimen (DHJPAR0031445) has the sequence accession ASHYG706-10 in BOLD (www.boldsystems.org) and the nucleotide sequence is reproduced below:

AATATTATACTTTATTTTTGGGTTATGAGCTGGTATAGTAGGATTTTCTATAAGAATAATCATTCGCTTAGAATTAGGAATACCTGGAAATTTAATTGGAAATGACCAAATTTATAATAGAATTGTTACTTCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTCATAGTTATACCAATCATAATTGGTGGATTTGGTAACTGATTAATTCCTTTAATATTAGGTACTCCAGATATAGCATTCCCTCGAATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGGTTACTTCTACCTTCATTATTTTTATTAATTTTAAGTAGATTTATTAATACAGGGGTAGGAACGGGATGAACAGTATACCCTCCTTTGTCATTAATTTTAGGCCATGGGGGAATATCAGTAGACCTGGGTATTTTTTCTCTTCATTTAGCAGGAATATCTTCAATTATAGGGGCTATTAATTTTATTTCCACAATTATAAATATACGAACAAATTTTTTAATAATAGACAAAATCTCTTTATTTTCATGATCTGTTTTAATTACAGCTATTTTATTACTTCTATCTTTACCAGTTTTAGCTGGAGCAATTACTATACTACTGACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACAAGATTTTTTGATCCAAGTGGAGGTGGAGATCCAATTCTTTATCAACATTTATTT

 Venanus randallgarciai urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:874E5AA8-587B-4FA4-835C-B5A3523FB554 Fernández-Triana & Whitfield sp. n. Materials

Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: CNCHYM 07223; recordedBy: J. Helava; individualID: CNCHYM 07223; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus randallgarciai; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: randallgarciai; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Alajuela; locality: 500 m North of Colonia Virgen del Socorro, Area de Conservacion Cordillera Volcanica Central; verbatimElevation: 1400 m; verbatimLatitude: 10° 17' N; verbatimLongitude: 84° 10' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Degree, minutes; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: verbatimEventDate: 30-v-1973; Record Level: language: en; collectionCode: Insects; ownerInstitutionCode: CNC; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

 Description

Female. Body length: 2.2 mm. Fore wing length: 2.2 mm. Flagellomere 2 length/width: 0.11 mm/0.06 mm. Flagellomere 14: missing. Oculo-ocellar distance: 0.15 mm. Distance between posterior ocelli: 0.08 mm. Diameter of posterior ocellus: 0.05 mm. Metafemur length/width: 0.53 mm/0.18 mm. Metatibia length: 0.66 mm. Mediotergite 1 length/maximum width/minimum width: 0.30/0.15/0.09 mm. Mediotergite 2 length/width at posterior margin: 0.12/0.10 mm. Figs 3, 4.

Male. Unknown.

 Diagnosis

The mediotergite 1 is relatively long and with a slight constriction near anterior end (Fig. 4). That character is also shared with other three species of Venanus. However, V. johnnyrosalesi can be separated from V. helavai by its much smaller size (2.2 mm vs 2.8–3.0 mm) and less sculptured propodeum, from V. yanayacuensis by its wider discal cell in fore wing (1.0 × vs 1.2 × as wide as high), metasoma color (brown vs black) and fore wing vein 2RS significanly longer than vein r (shorter than r in yanayacuensis), and from V. johnnyrosalesi by proportion of veins 2RS and r (2.0 × vs 1.4 ×), sculpture of metapleuron and mediotergite 2, and narrower mediotergite 1 (narrowest width 0.6 × width at posterior margin vs 0.8 × in johnnyrosalesi).

 Etymology

Venanus randallgarciai is named in honor of Sr. Randall Garcia, currently of San Jose, Costa Rica, but also the first director of ACG and the current Executive Director of the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), and therefore a major facilitator of ACG biodiversity inventory.

 Distribution

Only known from a single locality in Area de Conservación Cordillera Volcanica Central, Alajuela, Costa Rica.

 Notes

We obtained a partial sequence (164 bp) of the DNA barcoding region for the holotype (see also Suppl. material 1). It has the sequence accesion HYCNF533-11 in BOLD (www.boldsystems.org), and the nucleotide sequence is reproduced below:

TTATACCAATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTGGTGCCATTAATATTAGGGACTCCAGATATAGCTTTCCCTCGTATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGATTACTTATTCCTTCATTAT TTATATTAATTTTAAGAAGATTCATTAATACAGGCGCAGGTACG

 Identification Keys Key to species of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus">Venanus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> from Costa Rica
1 Metasomal tergite I with slight constriction in width nearer anterior end and very long (at least 2 × as long as apically or basally broad); metasomal tergite II (raised part) rather parallel-sided and close to 2 × as long as broad; propodeum usually with median longitudinal carina pronounced in the anterior third, sometimes percurrently 2
– Metasomal tergite I without obvious narrowing near anterior end, either posteriorly narrowing throughout, or broadening generally and usually less than 2 × as long as broad; metasomal tergite II less than 2 × as long as broad, variably shaped; propodeum usually without obvious medial longitudinal carina, or with only a stub of one posteriorly or anteriorly Here it continues to couplet 3 of Whitfield et al. (2011), including all remaining known species of Venanus
2 Female body length 2.8–3.0 mm; propodeum with median longitudinal carina marked throughout most of its length, strongly so on anterior 0.3; T2 length 2.5 × its central width [Colombia, Ecuador] Venanus helavai Mason, 1981
– Female body length at most 2.5 mm (usually less); propodeum with median longitudinally carina only slightly marked on anterior 0.3, or not clearly defined (carina not distinct among other sculpture of propodeum); T2 length less than 1.8 × its central width [Costa Rica, Ecuador] 3
3 Fore wing with first discal cell width 1.0 × its height, and vein 2RS shorter than r; anterior half of propodeum mostly smooth (only with fine rugulosity medially and laterally); metasoma with most laterotergites black [Ecuador, specimens collected at or over 2,100 m] Venanus yanayacuensis Arias-Penna & Whitifield, 2011
– Fore wing with first discal cell width 1.2 × its height, and vein 2RS significantly longer than r; anterior half of of propodeum as coarsely rugose as posterior half (at most with smooth area partially on anterior 0.1–0.2 of propodeum); metasoma with most laterotergites brown [Costa Rica, specimens collected at 1,400–1,460 m] 4
4 Fore wing with length of vein 2RS 1.4 × length of vein r; metapleuron coarsely sculptured on posterior 0.3 × (in addition of strong impressions on posterior margin); T2 coarsely rugose; T1 relatively less constricted than below, with T1 narrowest width (near anterior margin) 0.8 × width at posterior margin Venanus randallgarciai Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
– Fore wing with length of vein 2RS 2.0 × length of vein r; metapleuron mostly smooth (except for strong impressions on posterior margin); T2 smooth; T1 relatively more constricted than above, with T1 narrowest width (near anterior margin) 0.6 × width at posterior margin Venanus johnnyrosalesi Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.

Both species from Costa Rica will run through couplet 2 of the key in Whitfield et al. (2011). The key below separates the new species from those mentioned in that couplet.

 Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the support of the ACG parataxonomist team, and the Guanacaste Dry Forest Conservation Fund, the Wege Foundation, the International Conservation Fund of Canada, the JRS Biodiversity Foundation, Jessie Hill, Steve Stroud, Permian Global, and the University of Pennsylvania for funding portions of this research. Laboratory analyses of the sequences were funded by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute (2008-0GI-ICI-03), and by BOLD/iBOL of the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario and University of Guelph.

 References Fernandez-Triana Jose L. 2010 Eight new species and an annotated checklist of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Canada and Alaska ZooKeys 63 1 53 10.3897/zookeys.63.565-app.i Fernandez-Triana Jose Penev Lyubomir Ratnasingham Sujeevan Smith M. Alex Sones Jayme Telfer Angela deWaard Jeremy Hebert Paul 2014 Streamlining the use of BOLD specimen data to record species distributions: a case study with ten Nearctic species of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Biodiversity Data Journal 2 e4153 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/bdj.2.e4153 10.3897/bdj.2.e4153 Fernández-Triana Jose L Whitfield James B Rodriguez Josephine J Smith M Alex Janzen Daniel H Hallwachs Winnie D Hajibabaei Mehrdad Burns John M Solis M Alma Brown John Cardinal Sophie Goulet Henri Hebert Paul D N 2014 Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with keys to all described species from Mesoamerica. ZooKeys 383 1 565 10.3897/zookeys.383.6418 Hebert P. D. N. Cywinska A. Ball S. L. deWaard J. R. 2003 Biological identifications through DNA barcodes Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 270 1512 313 321 http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218 10.1098/rspb.2002.2218 Huber JT Sharkey MJ 1993 Structure. In: Goulet H Huber JT (Eds) Hymenoptera of the Monograph No. 1894E Agriculture Canada Research Branch Ottawa 13-59 Ivanova NV DeWaard JR Hebert PDN 2006 An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for recovering high-quality DNA Molecular Ecology Notes 6 4 998 1002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01428.x 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01428.x Janzen DH Hallwachs W Blandin P Burns JM Cadiou JM Chacon I Dapkey T Deans AR Epstein ME Espinoza B Franclemont JG Haber WA Hajibabaei M Hall JPW Hebert PDN Gauld ID Harvey DJ Hausmann A Kitching IJ Lafontaine D Landry JF Lemaire C Miller JY Miller JS Miller L Miller SE Montero J Munroe E Green SR Ratnasingham S Rawlins JE Robbins RK Rodriguez JJ Rougerie R Sharkey MJ Smith MA Solis MA Sullivan JB Thiaucourt P Wahl DB Weller SJ Whitfield JB Willmott KR Wood DM Woodley NE Wilson JJ 2009 Integration of DNA barcoding into an ongoing inventory of complex tropical biodiversity Molecular Ecology Resources 9 1 26 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02628.x 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02628.x Janzen Daniel H. Hallwachs Winnie Harvey Donald J. Darrow Karolyn Rougerie Rodolphe Hajibabaei Mehrdad Smith M. Alex Bertrand Claudia Gamboa Isidro Chacon Espinoza Bernardo Sullivan J. Bolling Decaens Thibaud Herbin Daniel Chavarria Luis Felipe Franco Ruth Cambronero Hazel Rios Sergio Quesada Freddy Pereira Guillermo Vargas Johan Guadamuz Adrian Espinoza Roberto Hernandez Jorge Rios Lucia Cantillano Elieth Moraga Roster Moraga Calixto Rios Petrona Rios Manuel Calero Ricardo Martinez Dinia Briceño Duvalier Carmona Minor Apu Edwin Aragon Keiner Umaña Cirilo Perez Jose Cordoba Ana Umaña Pablo Sihezar Gloria Espinoza Osvaldo Cano Carolina Araya Elda Garcia Dunia Ramirez Harry Pereira Manuel Cortez Jose Pereira Mariano Medina Waldy Hebert Paul D. N. 2012 What happens to the traditional taxonomy when a well-known tropical saturniid moth fauna is DNA barcoded? Invertebrate Systematics 26 6 478 http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is12038 10.1071/is12038 Karlsson Dave Ronquist Fredrik 2012 Skeletal Morphology of Opius dissitus and Biosteres carbonarius (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with a Discussion of Terminology PLoS ONE 7 4 e32573 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032573 10.1371/journal.pone.0032573 Mason W. R. M. 1981 The polyphyletic nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): A phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 113 115 1 147 http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm113115fv 10.4039/entm113115fv Ratnasingham Sujeevan Hebert Paul D. N. 2007 BARCODING: bold: The Barcode of Life Data System (http://www.barcodinglife.org) Molecular Ecology Notes 7 3 355 364 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x Smith M. A. Wood D. M. Janzen D. H. Hallwachs W. Hebert P. D. N. 2007 DNA barcodes affirm that 16 species of apparently generalist tropical parasitoid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) are not all generalists Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 12 4967 4972 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700050104 10.1073/pnas.0700050104 Smith M. A. Woodley N. E. Janzen D. H. Hallwachs W. Hebert P. D. N. 2006 DNA barcodes reveal cryptic host-specificity within the presumed polyphagous members of a genus of parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 10 3657 3662 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0511318103 10.1073/pnas.0511318103 Smith M. A. Rodriguez J. J. Whitfield J. B. Deans A. R. Janzen D. H. Hallwachs W. Hebert P. D. N. 2008 Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 34 12359 12364 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805319105 10.1073/pnas.0805319105 Whitfield JB 1997 Subfamily Microgastrinae. Wharton RA Marsh PM Sharkey MJ Manual of the New World genera of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). SpecialPublication No. 1 International Society of Hymenopterists Washington, D.C. 333–364 Whitfield James B. Rasmussen Claus Arias-Penna Diana C. 2011 Review of the New World Genus Venanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae), With a New Key and Descriptions of Three New Reared Neotropical Species Annals of the Entomological Society of America 104 6 1119 1127 10.1603/an10048

Venanus johnnyrosalesi. Yellow arrow shows the sculpture on metapleuron.

Venanus johnnyrosalesi. Yellow arrow shows the sculpture on metapleuron.

Venanus randallgarciai. Yellow arrow shows the sculpture on metapleuron.

Venanus randallgarciai. Black arrows show length and width of first discal cell.

K2P tree with known sequences of described species of Venanus

Data type: DNA barcodes

Brief description: Neighbor-Joining (NJ – Saitou and Nei 1987) tree based on Kimura 2-parameter distances (K2P – Kimura 1980) of all described Venanus species with DNA barcodes available. Sequence data from the Barcode of Life Data Systems (http://www.boldsystems.org/). For every sequence the species name, specimen code, length of sequence (in base pairs), and country/province or country/state is shwon.

File: oo_33604.pdf

Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014