Biodiversity Data JournalBiodiversity Data JournalBiodiversity Data JournalBDJ1314-28361314-2828Pensoft PublishersBiodiversity Data Journal10.3897/BDJ.2.e15573331Taxonomic paperHexapodaInsectaAnimaliaTrichopteraInvertebrataArthropodaCatalogues and ChecklistsFreshwater Biota & EcosystemsSystematicsAquatic BiologyCenozoicAmericasBrazilSouth AmericaBrazilian Trichoptera Checklist IIPaprockiHenriquepaprocki@pucminas.br†FrançaDiogodiogofransa@pucminas.br†Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Coleção de Invertebrados. Av. Dom José Gaspar, 290, sala 104, Coração Eucarístico, CEP 30535-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Corresponding authors: Henrique Paprocki (paprocki@pucminas.br), Diogo França (diogofransa@pucminas.br).
Academic editor: Benjamin Price.
2014091020142e15572008201402102014Henrique Paprocki, Diogo FrançaThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
A second assessment of Brazilian Trichoptera species records is presented here. A total of 625 species were recorded for Brazil. This represents an increase of 65.34% new species recorded during the last decade. The Hydropsychidae (124 spp.), followed by the Hydroptilidae (102 spp.) and Polycentropodidae (97 spp.), are the families with the greatest richness recorded for Brazil. The knowledge on Trichoptera biodiversity in Brazil is geographically unequal. The majority of the species is recorded for the southeastern region.
Biodiversity data should be made widely available online to better inform conservation of natural resources and advancement of natural sciences. Meta-analysis in molecular biology and others areas is currently a major source for understanding complex biological systems (Emerson et al. 2011, Vos et al. 2014). Checklists of animal and plants species and their distribution are one of the most useful sources of information in conservation, biodiversity studies, and environmental licensing. Checklists are used by scientists for registering new species records and descriptions, to predict species distribution, to compare environments, and to monitor environmental impacts. As the climate changes, biodiversity data will be very important to understand the adaptation of biological communities to these changes. Conservationists can better predict impact outcomes and propose better conservation plans when checklists are available (Fonseca and Benson 2003).
The first Brazilian Trichoptera checklist was published by Paprocki et al. 2004 and registered 378 species. At that time, the number of people working on Brazilian caddisfly taxonomy could be counted in one hand and almost all of them resided outside of Brazil (e.g. Blahnik, R.J., Flint, O.S., Holzenthal, R.W.) Currently, the number of Trichoptera taxonomists with a Ph.D working and residing in Brazil has increased, but is still low (e.g. Calor, A.R., Dumas, L.L., Nessimian, J.L., Pes, A.M.O., Santos, A.P.M, Takiya, D.M.). More comprehensive checklists with detailed distribution of species would be even more useful in biodiversity analysis and decision making.
The second checklist of Brazilian Trichoptera is presented here with the addition of a historical account of the growth of knowledge on caddisflies in Brazil. This example can be used to understand how growth of an area of study benefits from cooperation and investment.
Materials and methods
To update the checklist we consulted the “Plataforma Lattes, base de dados de currículos do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação – Brazil", available in http://lattes.cnpq.br/, which is a federal database of scientists in Brazil. The researchers searched for the keywords Trichoptera, caddisflies, and caddisfly. Searches were concluded in September, 2014.
The search for compiling the Brazilian Trichoptera Checklist was performed on the following databases. The “Web of Science” was searched for Trichoptera and Brazil. All results from this search were examined. The other databases searched were “The Trichoptera World Checklist”, mantained by Dr. John C. Morse, Clemson University, USA; “Brazilian Caddisflies: Checklist and Bibliography”, mantained by Dr. Jorge L. Nessimian research team, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and “Index to Organism Names”, mantained by Thomson Reuters.
The acronyms used for Brazilian states are as listed: AC (Acre), AL (Alagoas), AM (Amazonas), AP (Amapá), BA (Bahia), CE (Ceará), DF (Distrito Federal), ES (Espírito Santo), GO (Goiás), MA (Maranhão), MG (Minas Gerais), MT (Mato Grosso), MS (Mato Grosso do Sul), PA (Pará), PB (Paraíba), PE (Pernambuco), PI (Piauí), PR (Paraná), RJ (Rio de Janeiro), RN (Rio Grande do Norte), RO (Rondônia), RR (Roraima), RS (Rio Grande do Sul), SC (Santa Catarina), SE (Sergipe), SP (São Paulo), TO (Tocantins). Brazil is divided in political regions as following: North (AC, AM, AP, PA, RO, RR, TO), Northeast (AL, BA, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP), Midwest (DF, GO, MS, MT) and South (PR, SC, RS).
State names presented in bold letters indicate a new state record from literature.
Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco, Parana, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo
Notes
Kolenati 1859, Flint Jr 1991, Marinoni and Almeida 2000, Blahnik et al. 2004, Dumas et al. 2009, Nogueira and Cabette 2011, Barcelos-Silva et al. 2012, Souza et al. 2013a, Costa et al. 2014
The number of Trichoptera species recorded from Brazil until September, 2014 is 625. This number represents a 65.34% increase in species records since 2004. Ninety percent of the new records were also new species to science. The number of new records since the first Brazilian Checklist is 252, including 223 new species and 29 new country records. The Hydropsychidae rank first in species richness totaling 124 species, followed by Hydroptilidae with 102 species and Polycentropodidae with 97 species. Despite of their ubiquity, caddisflies remain unrecorded in 4 Brazilian states (AL, MA, RN, TO). There is a clear relation between the concentration of universites and researchers and the number of species recorded for a region. Southeastern Brazil, home of the most and the largest universities in Brazil, ranks first with 330 species recorded followed by the Northern region (211 species) and Southern region (165 species). The regions with the greatest lack of knowledge, and which should be considered priorities for Trichoptera inventories, are the Northeast with 74 species and Midwest with 58 species (Fig. 1).
The number of regional inventories published since the first Brazilian Trichoptera Checklist is 10 (Blahnik et al. 2004, Ribeiro et al. 2009, Dumas et al. 2009, Nogueira and Cabette 2011, Calor 2011, Dumas and Nessimian 2012, Barcelos-Silva et al. 2012, Souza et al. 2013a, Costa et al. 2014, Quinteiro et al. 2014). It is important to increase the number of regional surveys and publication of regional checklists. The benefits of regional surveys associated with georeferenced data made available online are one of the most important advancements to comprehensive biodiversity data studies (Chavan and Penev 2011). Primary data on Trichoptera biodiversity should be made freely available through inititives like the Global Biodiversity Information System (http://www.gbif.org/). Brazil has undertaken a major initiative of making scientific collections biodiversity information available online through the Centro de Referências em Informação Ambiental – CRIA (www.cria.org.br). The numbers acquired by CRIA (August 2014) are impressive and include data from 358 scientific collections, 5,385,443 georreferenced distribution records, and 447,657 species names. The number of Trichoptera records retrieved from CRIA was 6,404. The linkage between scientific journals and such databases should be greatly improved to achieve open access to biodiversity data.
Over six hundred species of Trichoptera have been described for Brazil since the first species was recorded in 1833 (Macrostemummaculatum (Perty) 1833. An average of 2.21 species/year were described between 1833 and the publications of the first comprehensive checklist (Paprocki et al. 2004). Since 2004 the rate of species description has increased dramatically, with an average of 20.2 species/year (Fig. 2).
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the reviewers of this paper. We also would like to thanks Jordan Biserkov from the Pensoft Writing Tool development team who contributed to the improvement of this article. Part of this work was funded by CEMIG GT 399 project and by TAGMA.
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Number of species by political regions. SE (Southeast), N (North), S (South), NE (Northeast), MW (Midwest). Chart based on data in Suppl. material 1.
Number of described species per year since 2003 for Brazil. Chart based on data in Suppl. material 2.