Worker Head, full face view
Worker Body, lateral view
Worker Body, dorsal view
Queen Head, full face view
Queen Body, lateral view
Queen Body, dorsal view
Male Head, full face view
Male Body, lateral view
Male Body, dorsal view
Corresponding author: Aijaz Ahmad Wachkoo (
Academic editor: Marek Borowiec.
The hitherto unknown worker caste of
Based on the taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of
Here we describe the hitherto unknown worker caste of
The specimens were collected through Winkler’s extractor, pitfall, honey bait, beating vegetation, soil core and hand picking methods. The taxonomic study was conducted on a Nikon SMZ 1500 stereomicroscope. For digital images, MP evolution digital camera was used on the same microscope with Auto-Montage (Syncroscopy, Division of Synoptics, Ltd.) software. Later, images were cleaned with Adobe Photoshop CS5. Specimens are deposited in PUPAC, Punjabi University Patiala Ant Collection, Patiala. Some worker specimens will be deposited in BMNH, Natural History Museum, London, U.K. and CASC, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, United States of America. Morphological terminology for measurements (given in millimeters) and indices include:
– Maximum length of head in full-face view, measured in straight line from the anterior most point of the median clypeal margin to a line drawn across the posterior margin from its highest points (to accommodate species where the posterior margin is concave)
– Maximum width of head in full-face view (excluding the portion of eyes that extends past the lateral margins of the head)
– Maximum length of eye as measured normally in oblique view of the head to show full surface of eye
– Maximum length of the scape excluding the basal neck and condyle
– Maximum width of the pronotum in dorsal view
– Weber’s length measured from the anterior surface of the pronotum proper (excluding the collar) to the posteriormost point of the propodeal lobes
– Maximum length of the profemur from its margin with the trochanter to its margin with the tibia
– Maximum width of the profemur
– Cephalic index: HW/HL × 100
– Scape index: SL/HW × 100
– Relative eye length index: EL/HL × 100
Measurements: HL 0.60–0.68; HW 0.47–0.56; EL 0.14–0.19; SL 0.70–0.77; PW 0.37–0.43; PrFL 0.56–0.64; PrFW 0.13–0.17; WL 0.73–0.88. Indices: CI 77.68–82.26; SI 137.25–151.16; REL 23.64–27.42 (n = 8).
Head broadly oval; distinctly longer than wide, slightly wider posteriorly, lateral margins convex, posterior margin shallowly concave to gently convex with rounded posterolateral corners. Clypeus subcarinate in the middle; anterior clypeal margin weakly concave. Mandibles with six teeth. Eyes oval, weakly convex, covering one-third of lateral cephalic margin; three small ocelli present. Antennae long, scapes surpass the posterior margin by two-fifths their length.
Metanotal groove strongly developed, in lateral view interrupts the regular promesonotal convexity from propodeum; metanotal area long. Dorsal face of propodeal not higher than remainder of the notum, gently rounded; declivity steep.
In lateral view, petiole triangular with dorsum of the petiole well below the dorsum of propodeum, rounded above with posterior face much longer than anterior face.
Overall cuticle very smooth and shiny. Pubescence on body very sparse; almost entirely absent. Scapes and legs covered with abundant erect setae, and a very fine layer of pubescence. Erect setae of varying length cover head, pronotum, mesonotum and gaster. Setae very densely spaced on head and gaster.
Head brown; gaster brown to black; mesosoma, antennae and legs yellowish brown.
Measurements: HL 0.84; HW 0.80; EL 0.30; SL 0.93; PrFL 0.82; PrFW 0.23; WL 0.88. Indices: CI 95.59; SI 115.82; REL 35.71 (n = 1).
Generally matches worker description, with modifications expected for caste and the following differences: Body covered with dense pubescence and fine punctulae. Head subtriangular, posterior margin concave; in lateral view, petiole with flat dorsum. Head yellow brown, gaster brown, a shade lighter than in workers.
Measurements: HL 0.52–0.55; HW 0.42–0.46; EL 0.22–0.24; SL 0.66–0.72; PrFL 0.56–0.62; PrFW 0.13–0.15; WL 0.75–0.85. Indices: CI 80.00–85.42; SI 146.34–157.89; REL 41.67–44.44 (n = 8).
Head broadly oval; longer than wide; eyes large, subglobulose, projecting beyond head outline in full-face view; three prominent ocelli present. Antennae 13 segmented, filiform, scapes long, surpass posterior margin by about half their length. Mandibles slender, curved strap like with prominent, pointed apical and a small preapical tooth, remainder of masticatory margin smooth, without any teeth or denticles. Basal angle rounded, indistinct and seamlessly blends into inner mandibular margin.
Mesosoma enlarged to accommodate flight muscles; in lateral view scutum and scutellum flat; propodeum indistinct, lower than remainder of notum with very short dorsal face and long declivitous face.
Petiole as in worker; gaster elongated.
Parameres paddle-shaped, rounded apically, turning strongly inward toward midline of body posteriorly, as long as digiti; long setae extending off of parameres. Cuspi long and tubular reaching digiti dorsally; bent toward digiti; digiti weakly anvil-shaped; directed upward and covered with short peg-like teeth; digiti visible in lateral view. Penis valves projecting barely past parameres.
Sculpture, vestiture and color as in worker caste.
This species is general in distribution in low altitude areas of Northwest India. Nests can be found easily underneath stones and leaf litter whilst foraging workers are fairly frequent on trees and fallen trunks.
The worker caste of this species is described here for the very first time and can be easily distinguished by the oval shape of head, and smooth and shiny cuticle without any pubescence.
The original descriptions is exceedingly inadequate and very little is known about the collection of Jerdon.
| 1 | Head and mesosomal dorsum covered with a dense network of microreticulate sculpture |
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| – | Head and mesosomal dorsum not microreticulate, either smooth or covered with fine punctulae |
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| 2 | Gastral dorsum without a layer of pubescence underneath erect setae |
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| – | Gastral dorsum with a layer of pubescence underneath erect setae |
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| 3 | Head oval; scapes relatively shorter, surpass posterior margin of head by ≤ 1/3rd their length |
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| – | Head subquadrate; scapes long, surpass posterior margin of head by ≥ 2/5th their length |
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| 4 | Compound eye small, distinctly < 1/3rd the length of lateral cephalic margin |
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| – | Compound eye large, ≥ 1/3rd the length of lateral cephalic margin |
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| 5 | Body unicolorous brown to black |
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| – | Body distinctly bicoloured, with yellow brown to reddish brown mesosoma, and darker brown gaster |
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Financial assistance rendered by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (Grant No. 14/10/2007-ERS/RE), Govt. of India, New Delhi is gratefully acknowledged. We thank our anonymous reviewers for their valuable input.
Equally contributed.
Worker Head, full face view
Worker Body, lateral view
Worker Body, dorsal view
Queen Head, full face view
Queen Body, lateral view
Queen Body, dorsal view
Male Head, full face view
Male Body, lateral view
Male Body, dorsal view