Introduction

Biodiversity Data Journal

BDJ

1314-2836 1314-2828

Pensoft Publishers

Biodiversity Data Journal

10.3897/BDJ.2.e1112

3403

Taxonomic paper

Braconidae Hymenoptera

Biodiversity: Species, Ecosystems & Conservation Ecology

Cenozoic

Europe Southern Europe and Mediterranean

Aspilota

-group (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

) diversity in Mediterranean Natural Parks of Spain

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

Dr francisco.peris@uv.es † Belokobylskij

Sergey A

Dr ‡ Falcó-Garí

Jose Vicente

Dr † Jiménez-Peydró

Ricardo

Dr †

†

Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva. University of Valencia, Paterna (Valencia), Spain

‡

Zoological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

Corresponding author: Francisco Javier Peris-Felipo (francisco.peris@uv.es).

Academic editor: Jose Fernandez-Triana.

2014

21 07 2014

e1112

19 05 2014 14 07 2014

Francisco Javier Peris-Felipo, Sergey A Belokobylskij, Jose Vicente Falcó-Garí, Ricardo Jiménez-Peydró

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

This work analyses the biodiversity of the Aspilota-group (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae) in three Mediterranean Natural parks: Natural Park of La Font Roja, Natural Park of Las Lagunas de la Mata-Torrevieja and Natural Park of La Tinença de Benifassà. Samples were carried out from April 2004 to December 2007. In total, 822 specimens, belonging to 52 species, were collected. Alpha, beta and gamma diversities were analysed, and the Tinença Park was proven to have higher diversity than the Font Roja and Torrevieja. Also, the structure of the Aspilota-group community was analysed.

Keywords Biodiversity community natural parks Valencia

Aspilota

Braconidae

Introduction

Mediterranean ecosystems are very important in terms of biodiversity, and are thus considered hotspot areas (Myers et al. 2000). Landscapes and habitats grow in complexity over time, as a consequence of ecological processes. For example, Mediterranean forest landscapes rich in evergreen species frequently intersect with brushwood, pasture, farming and ranching areas. In close proximity to these areas, however, it is often possible to identify zones that have been reclaimed by highly diverse natural communities after the cessation of human intervention. Despite the huge resistance displayed by Mediterranean biotopes to human pressure, isolation and fragmentation are unavoidable (Pungetti 2003), resulting in the emergence of isolated patches in the landscape.

In land environments, the information provided by arthropods can be very valuable for the adoption of measures aimed at guaranteeing the diversity and welfare of protected forests (Pyle et al. 1981, Pearson and Cassola 1992, Kremen et al. 1993), especially insects with a high sensitivity to alterations in environmental resources and conditions. Parasitoids Hymenoptera of the Braconidae family, with around 40,000 catalogued species, are especially pertinent in this respect due to their particular biology (Wharton et al. 1997).

Braconidae are the second largest family within Hymenoptera; the majority of species are primary parasitoids of immature stages of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera (Sharkey 1993). These wasps are of enormous ecological interest because of their role in controlling the population of phytophagous insects, causing direct effects in the host species’ population size and indirect effects on the diversity and survival of host plants (LaSalle and Gauld 1992). Additionally, they can indicate the presence or absence of said populations (Matthews 1974, LaSalle and Gauld 1992). Finally, some species can also be relevant from an economic point of view, because of their potential for pest control (González and Ruíz 2000).

Because of the type of relationship established between Braconidae populations and host species, and the effect that climatic factors and human activity pose upon this, we can consider that Braconidae (especially those adopting koinobiont strategies) are a valid parameter for the determination of human effects on these communities and the assessment of specific diversity within a region (González and Ruíz 2000).

The subfamily Alysiinae has 2,000 catalogued species worldwide classified in two tribes, Alysiini and Dacnusini (Yu et al. 2012). The Alysiini interact with a wide variety of cyclorrhapha hosts, often in humid habitats and ephemeral substrata, laying their eggs in the host’s larvae or eggs. Dacnusini are almost exclusively specialised for leaf and stem miners, such as Agromyzidae, Ephydridae and Chloropidae. Alysiini are distributed in all regions while Dacnusini are known mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

The Aspilota-group is a rather well differentiated group within the tribe Alysiini (van Achterberg 1988) with approximately 750 species described (Yu et al. 2012), including in the world fauna the genera Adelphenaldis Fischer, 2003, Alithia Cameron, 1906, Aspilota Foerster, 1862, Carinthilota Fischer, 1975, Cubitalostigma Fischer, 1998, Dinostigma Fischer, 1966, Dinotrema Foerster, 1862, Eudinostigma Tobias, 1986, Grandilota Fischer, 2002, Leptotrema van Achterberg, 1988, Lysodinotrema Fischer, 1995, Neorthostigma Belokobylskij, 1998, Orthostigma Ratzeburg, 1844, Panerema Foerster, 1862, Pterusa Fischer, 1958, Regetus Papp, 1999, and Synaldis Foerster, 1862.

Nevertheless, over the years, the genera included in this group have changed since, for example, van Achterberg (1988) did not consider Synaldis as a genus and included their species within the Dinotrema genus. However, later publications by Fischer (Fischer 1993a, Fischer 1993b), Belokobylskij (Belokobylskij 2002, Belokobylskij 2004a, Belokobylskij 2004b) and Tobias (Tobias 2003b, Tobias 2003a, Tobias 2004a, Tobias 2004b, Tobias 2006) considered Synaldis as a taxonomically different genus from Dinotrema due to the absence of the 2RS vein.

Although many diversity studies around Braconidae have been carried out worldwide, for example in Brazil (Cirelli and Penteado-Dias 2003, Scatolini and Penteado-Dias 2003), Venezuela (Briceño et al. 2007, Briceño et al. 2009) or in the Iberian Peninsula (Andorra, Spain and Portugal) (Falcó-Garí et al. 2006, Jiménez-Peydró and Peris-Felipo 2011, Peris-Felipo and Jiménez-Peydró 2011, Falcó-Garí et al. 2014), these communities have been insufficiently analysed. However, in recent years, some biodiversity studies have been carried out. These studies have increased the knowledge of this group with the description of 42 new European species (Peris-Felipo et al. 2012, Peris-Felipo et al. 2013a, Peris-Felipo et al. 2013b, Peris-Felipo et al. 2013c, Peris-Felipo et al. 2013d, Peris-Felipo and Belokobylskij 2013, Munk et al. 2013a, Munk et al. 2013b, Peris-Felipo et al. 2014).

Within this context, this work analyses alpha, beta and gamma diversity and community structure of the Aspilota-group in three Mediterranean Natural Parks of Valencia (Spain).

Materials and methods <italic>Area of Study</italic>

Three natural parks in Comunidad Valenciana were selected: Natural Park of La Font Roja; Natural Park of Las Lagunas de la Mata-Torrevieja and Natural Park of La Tinença de Benifassà, each of which features peculiar microclimate conditions.

The Natural Park of La Font Roja is located to the north of Alicante province, and is known for its low level of anthropogenic disturbance. The park extends over 2,298 ha, with a maximum elevation of 1,356 m. The orientation of the hill range favours cool, moist winds from the northeast, resulting in rainfall retention. This fact, along with the steep slopes and the predominance of limestone, fosters the existence of different landscape units. Among these, deciduous forests, brushwood, scrub rock vegetation, pine forests and agricultural areas can be differentiated. In addition, each face experiences different climate conditions: the north face is classified as upper sub-humid, with annual rainfall between 600–1,000 mm; while the south face is dry, with annual rainfall between 350–600 mm. Due to high average temperatures throughout the year (15–20 °C), and the low average rainfall, the park is classified is dry and thermo-Mediterranean.

The Natural Park of Las Lagunas de la Mata-Torrevieja is located to the south of Alicante province, and extends over 3,700 ha, 2,100 of which are covered by water. The park is notable for its saline soils, extensive wild orchid population (Orchis collina Banks and Sol. ex Russell), differentiated areas of Senecio auricula Bourgeau ex Coss and salt marsh plants of the genus Limonium, reed and bulrush areas with abundant grass plants such as Arthrocnemum sp. and Juncus sp., and Mediterranean areas populated by Quercus coccifera L., Pinus halepensis Mill. and Thymus sp. The climate is arid with an annual rainfall below 300 mm and high temperatures.

The Natural Park of La Tinença de Benifassà is located to the north of Castellón province, and extends over approximately 25,814 ha. The park covers an extensive and well-preserved mountainous area, encompassing numerous and widely varied landscapes associated with medium and high-altitude Mediterranean regimes and hosting a high biodiversity of fauna and flora. It is possible to differentiate forests of Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus uncinata Mill. and Fagus sylvatica L., Juniperus communis L., and Quercus ilex L., etc., alternating with crops of Prunus sp., Corylus sp., etc. Climate conditions are continental humid, with annual average temperatures below 12 °C: freezing conditions are possible throughout most of the year. Rainfall varies in different zones according to topographical features, and the annual precipitation ranges from 600 to 1,000 l/m². The park is contained within the supramediterranean bioclimate.

<italic>Sampling Design and Data Collection</italic>

Sampling stage covered the period among April 2004 and December 2007. During this period, in each natural park, a Malaise trap to collected specimens was placed. Weekly, each area was visited to replace the collecting bottle. Specimens captured were preserved in 70% ethanol until final preparation.

Once separated, the specimens were determined by subfamily keys of van Achterberg (1990) to work only with Alysiinae specimens. Subsequently, the identification to genera was carried out using van Achterberg (1990) key. Finally, species identification was did it by Fischer (1993b), Fischer (2003), Fischer et al. (2008a), Fischer et al. (2008b) and Tobias' keys (Tobias et al. 1986). The studied specimens are deposited with a bar code labels in the Entomological Collection at the University of Valencia (Valencia, Spain; ENV). General distribution data were provide from Yu et al. (2012).

<italic>Data analysis</italic>

Once the specimens of Aspilota-group had been identified, alpha, beta and gamma biodiversity indexes for each trap and habitat were calculated to gain insight into the richness, abundance, dominance and complementarity values of each area.

Alpha diversity reflects the richness in species of a homogeneous community. This sort of diversity was measured by taxa richness, abundance and dominance.

Taxa richness: used for valuing richness of sampling areas. It was measured using the Margalef index, a measure of specific richness that transforms the number of species per sample into the proportion to which the species are added by expansion of the sample, establishing a functional relationship between number of species and total number of specimens (Moreno 2001).

Species richness estimators: It was measured using Chao 2 to know what percentage of the total known species of possible species (Moreno 2001).

Abundance: used for valuing faunal composition of a given area (Magurran 1988). This was undertaken using the Shannon-Weaver index because it measures equity, indicating the degree of uniformity in species representation (in order of abundance) while considering all samples. This index measures the average degree of uncertainty that predicts which species an individual randomly picked from a sample belongs to (Magurran 1988, Moreno 2001, Villarreal et al. 2004).

Dominance: occurrence of genera or dominance value was calculated with the Simpson index, often used to measure species dominance values in a given community, with negative values thus representing equity. It measures the representativity of the most important species without considering the other species present. It expresses the probability that two individuals randomly picked from a sample will belong to the same species (Magurran 1988).

Community structure: In order to complement the diversity analyses and enquire into community structure, log-series, log-normal and broken-stick models were also applied (Magurran 1988). The log-series model represents a community composed of a few abundant species and a high number of rare species. The broken-stick model refers to maximum occupation of an environment with equitable sharing of resources between species. Finally, the log-normal reflects an intermediate situation between the two (Soares et al. 2010). Using the data obtained from the parks, each of these models was applied to calculate the expected number of species, and log₂ grouping species according to abundance (Magurran 1988, Tokeshi 1993, Krebs 1999). To test the significance of the models, the expected species values were compared with those of the observed species through chi-square analysis (Zar 1999).

Beta diversity is the degree of change or substitution in species composition between different communities within the same landscape. In order to measure beta diversity, Jaccard and Complementarity indexes were used and cluster analyses were also performed.

Jaccard index: relates the total amount of shared species to the total amount of exclusive species. It is a qualitative coefficient, the interval of which will go from 0 when no species are shared between both sites to 1 when both sites have an identical composition (Moreno 2001, Villarreal et al. 2004).

Complementarity index: indicates the degree of similarity in species composition and abundance between two or more communities (Moreno 2001, Villarreal et al. 2004).

Cluster analysis: employed to calculate the degree of correlation based on similarity/dissimilarity. For the calculation of these values, statistics-processing software PAST was used (Hammer et al. 2001).

Finally, gamma diversity measurement indicates the diversity value of all environments under study, as expressed in the richness indexes for each area (alpha diversity) and the difference between them (beta diversity) (Schluter and Ricklefs 1993, Villarreal et al. 2004).

Taxon treatments

Adelphenaldis

maxfischeri

Peris-Felipo, 2012

Materials

Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: recordedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; verbatimLocality: Alcoi, Natural Parl of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-06-25; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; verbatimLocality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-07-02; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Aspilota

anaphoretica

Fischer, 1973

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; verbatimLocality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-10-23; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; verbatimLocality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-06-04; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Austria, Greece, Hungary, Korea and Spain.

Aspilota

delicata

Fischer, 1973

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; verbatimLocality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-09-11; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Austria, Greece, Hungary, Iran and Spain (new record).

Aspilota

flagimilis

Fischer, 1996

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Aspilota

insolita

(Tobias, 1962)

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; verbatimLocality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-03-21; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Russia and Spain.

Aspilota

procreata

Fischer, 1976

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''E; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-05-04; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''E; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-05-18; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 3; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''E; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-06-01; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: males; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''E; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-06-01; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''E; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-06-15; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''E; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-06-06; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 3; sex: males; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''E; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-05-15; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary and Spain (new record).

Aspilota

propedaemon

Fischer, 1996

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-05-06; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-03-29; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-03-23; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Aspilota

propeminimam

Fischer, Torlos, Pardo & Asís, 2008

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-04-17; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 4; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-06-05; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-11-27; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-05-15; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Aspilota

valenciensis

Fischer, 1996

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-03-08; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-03-14; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-10-09; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-10-23; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Hungary and Spain.

Aspilota

sp1

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-05-18; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-06-01; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-06-27; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-05-15; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-06-05; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-06-15; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-05-15; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-05-28; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Aspilota

sp2

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-06-08; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-04-04; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Dinotrema

achterbergi

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-06-10; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-06-03; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 3; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-11-13; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-11-30; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-12-26; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-10-09; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

amparoae

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-02-08; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-03-04; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-11-30; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

belokobylskiji

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

benifassaense

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

broadi

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-05-01; Record Level: institutionCode: ZISP

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: males; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-10-30; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-05-16; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

castaneithorax

(Fischer, 1973)

Materials

Distribution

Austria, Hungary, Korea, Romania and Spain.

Dinotrema

costulatum

(Thomson, 1895)

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 7; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-04-30; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Former Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Spain (new record), Sweden and former Yugoslavia.

Dinotrema

crassicosta

(Thomson, 1895)

Materials

Distribution

Austria, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Korea, Russia and Spain (new record).

Dinotrema

enanum

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-04-13; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

fischerianum

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-04-25; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-05-13; Record Level: institutionCode: ZISP

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

jimenezi

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

lagunasense

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-11-23; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-11-30; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: males; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-03-29; Record Level: institutionCode: ZISP

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: females; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-11-30; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: males; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-11-30; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 3; sex: females; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-01-18; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-01-26; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-03-04; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 4; sex: males; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-03-23; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 7; sex: females; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-03-29; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 3; sex: males; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-03-29; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 4; sex: females; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-11-15; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-12-12; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: males; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-03-28; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 5; sex: females; Location: stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-11-28; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

mareum

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

munki

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobla de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-05-29; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

pappi

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

paquitae

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-11-30; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

parapunctatum

(Fischer, 1976)

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-08-09; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 3; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-09-25; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

pareum

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

pilarae

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

robertoi

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

teresae

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

tinencaense

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

torreviejaense

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

vitobiasi

Peris-Felipo et Belokobylskij, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Dinotrema

zimmermannae

Peris-Felipo, 2013

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Eudinostigma

latistigma

(Fischer, 1962)

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-06-05; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Austria, Bulgaria, China, Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Spain and Switzerland.

Orthostigma

beyarslani

Fischer, 1995

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-05-25; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Iran, Spain and Turkey.

Orthostigma

laticeps

(Thomson, 1895)

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 4; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-06-12; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 5; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-06-04; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-12-21; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-01-18; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-03-29; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-04-05; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, former Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Korea, Macedonia, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Uzbekistan and former Yugoslavia.

Orthostigma

maculipes

(Haliday, 1838)

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-09-26; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-05-29; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Prak of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-03-13; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Faeroe Islands, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, formar Yugoslavia and Serbia.

Orthostigma

pumilum

(Nees, 1834)

Materials

Distribution

Austria, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, forms Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Madeira Islands, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, former Yugoslavia and Serbia.

Orthostigma

sculpturatum

Tobias, 1962

Materials

Distribution

Austria, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, former Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Russia, Spain, Uzbekistan, former Yugoslavia and Serbia.

Synaldis

berbegalae

Peris-Felipo, 2014

Materials

Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-07-01; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-07-22; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Synaldis

concolor

(Nees, 1812)

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-05-29; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: males; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-06-12; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-01-18; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-04-05; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-02-28; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-04-03; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Afghanistan, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, former Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Lithuania, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, former Yugoslavia and Serbia.

Synaldis

distracta

(Nees, 1834)

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-05-25; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 3; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-11-23; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-11-30; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-01-18; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-02-15; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-03-29; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: males; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-03-29; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-04-05; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-04-26; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-05-23; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-06-14; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-04-04; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Austria, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, former Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Korea, Lithuania, Madeira Islands, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan and former Yugoslavia.

Synaldis

falcoi

Peris-Felipo, 2014

Materials

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-09-11; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 3; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-06-04; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-07-16; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-07-15; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-07-22; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 3; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-07-29; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 4; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-11-04; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 5; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-06-13; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 6; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-07-11; Record Level: institutionCode: ZISP

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 8; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Castellón; locality: Pobal de Benifassà, Natural Park of Tinença de Benifassà; verbatimElevation: 662 m; verbatimLatitude: 40°39'22''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°9'25''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2005-07-18; Record Level: institutionCode: NHMW

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-04-23; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 4; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-05-18; Record Level: institutionCode: ZISP

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 7; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-05-25; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 3; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-10-26; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: individualCount: 5; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Torrevieja, Natural Park of Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja; verbatimElevation: 6 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°01'49''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°42'00''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2006-09-19; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Spain.

Synaldis

gilaberti

Peris-Felipo, 2014

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Synaldis

jujisae

Peris-Felipo, 2014

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Synaldis

lacessiva

Fischer, 1975

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 6; sex: females; Location: country: Spain; stateProvince: Alicante; locality: Alcoi, Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja; verbatimElevation: 1072 m; verbatimLatitude: 38°38'51''N; verbatimLongitude: 000°32'46''W; Identification: identifiedBy: F. J. Peris-Felipo; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2004-07-08; Record Level: institutionCode: ENV

Distribution

Austria, Canary Islands, Czech Republic, Hungary, Madeira Islands and Spain.

Synaldis

lozanoae

Peris-Felipo, 2014

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Synaldis

martinezae

Peris-Felipo, 2014

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Synaldis

navarroae

Peris-Felipo, 2014

Materials

Distribution

Spain.

Analysis

During the sampling period, 1707 specimens of Alysiinae were collected, including 822 specimens in the Aspilota-group (48.23%) distributed in 6 genera: Adelphenaldis (2), Aspilota (108), Dinotrema (343), Eudinostigma (10), Orthostigma (88) and Synaldis (271) and representing 53 species. The list of the species with collecting information was given above.

However, the species were not evenly distributed when different Natural Parks are considered separately. Thus, 39 species were identified in the Natural Park of La Tinença de Benifassà (Tinença), 23 were identified in the Natural Park of Carrascal de La Font Roja (Font Roja) and 21 were identified in the Natural Park of Las Lagunas de la Mata-Torrevieja (Torrevieja).

The genus Dinotrema was the most abundant with 343 examples, followed by the genera Synaldis (271) and Aspilota (108). On the other hand, when analysing the number of captures, it was observed that 383 individuals were collected in Tinença, 257 in Torrevieja and 182 in Font Roja. In Tinença the most captured genera was Dinotrema with 202 specimens followed by Synaldis with 95. However, in Torrevieja and Font Roja the most captured genera was Synaldis with 105 and 71 specimens respectively, followed by Dinotrema with 93 and 48.

The Margalef index (D_Mg) shows that Natural Park of Tinença hosted a higher species richness with D_Mg = 6.389, while Font Roja reached a value of 4.228 and Torrevieja 3.604. These values might be so discordant as a consequence of the identified species differing widely from Tinença (39 species) to other habitats. Font Roja and Torrevieja has a similar D_Mg value because its species number is very close (23 and 21 species respectively).

On the other hand, with the estimators of species richness (Chao 2), it is possible conclude that the Natural Park where our sampling effort has enabled a closer approximation to the estimated maximum richness is Font Roja with a value of 94.62%, followed by Tinença and Torrevieja with values of 82.97% and 79.75% respectively.

When analyzing the structure of the community it is needed to distinguish between two types of analysis: proportional abundance indices or parametric models.

First, the community structure is studied by proportional abundance indices in which differentiate dominance indices as Simpson or Berger-Parker and equity index as Shannon-Wiener.

The results obtained with the Simpson and Berger-Parker index (Table 1) show a dominance of the community structure by one or more species with high population abundance. The Shannon index suggested a similar trend in the distribution of dominant genera; discrepancies were merely due to different numbers of rare genera (those represented by few specimens).

Finally, applying parametric models, (Table 2) the analysis of the Aspilota-group community structure showed that Font Roja and Torrevieja present compliance with the log-series model indicating that these communities have an unstable structure, composed by few abundant species and a large number of rare species. These results show that habitat does not determine community structure because the sampling area presents very specific botanical and faunal composition and climatic conditions.

However, Tinença shows compliance with log-series and log-normal models presenting, more or less, the same p-value (0.501 and 0.513 respectively). This fact could be indicating two types of behaviour. On the one hand, this community could be unstable and composed by few abundant species and large number of rare species. And, on the other hand, it could be indicating that the specimens number of this community is conditioned by a large number of factors associated with high temperatures and low rainfall that occur in this area causing that species must adapt to very strict conditions.

In order to obtain beta diversity (similarity/dissimilarity) values between the different areas under consideration, the Jaccard index was calculated. The resulting value indicated a certain degree of dissimilarity between the Natural Parks although, Font Roja and Tinença are the closest parks (I_J = 0.377) while Font Roja and Torrevieja are the farthest parks (I_J = 0.189). These results were also observed in the Jaccard cluster obtained through cluster analysis, of which the level of correlation was r = 0.8863 (Fig. 1).

However, applying the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (Fig. 2) shows that there are many unique species to each Natural Park (16 for Tinença, 7 for Torrevieja and 6 for Font Roja) while the rest of species are usually present shared (17 for Font Roja-Tinença, 12 for Tinença-Torrevieja and 7 for Font Roja-Torrevieja). This could be due to the fact that Tinença and Font Roja are Mediterranean forests while Torrevieja is a lagoon.

The indices of species replacement by the Whittaker index (Table 3) show that the Natural Park of La Tinença de Benifassà has not a lot of replacement with species from other Natural Parks, while, Torrevieja and Font Roja show some replacement. This relationship could be possible thanks that these natural parks are close while Tinença is far.

Applying the changes proposed by Schluter and Ricklefs (1993) get the average beta diversity then employ for gamma diversity.

β = 1 / c = 1 / average number of samples occupied per one species.

c = Σ number of species in each area / number of species

c = [23 + 39 + 21] / 53 = 83 / 53 = 1.566

β = 1 / 1.566 = 0.638

The Complementarity index (C) suggested that the Font Roja and Torrevieja has the highest complementarity (0.810) followed by Tinença and Torrevieja with 0.723 and Tinença and Font Roja with 0.622. These results showed a fair degree of complementarity, but also indicated the presence of different species in each habitat (Table 3). This fact could be explained because these natural parks are close to each other while Tinença is farther apart.

Finally, gamma diversity reached a value of 52.954, which is practically identical to the value of the total species richness caught in the three Natural Parks (species number = 53).

γ = α average × β × sample dimension

γ = [(23 + 39 + 21) / (3)] × 0.638 × 3 = 52.954

Discussion

Regarding the faunistic study, four species captured are new records for Spain: Aspilota delicata, Aspilota procreata, Dinotrema costulatum and Dinotrema crassicostum. While, regarding the biodiversity study, it is possible to see that the Natural Park of La Tinença de Benifassà presents greater abundance and species diversity, followed by the Font Roja and Torrevieja parks. On the other hand, the analysis of the structure of the network has showed that the Font Roja and the Torrevieja Natural Parks show a model of community that matches the log-series model. This indicates that these communities are unstable and are composed of few abundant species and a large number of rare species. While the community of the Aspilota-group present in the Tinença, is adapted to the models of log-series and log-normal. This demonstrates that the structure of the community is not determined by the habitat, but conditioned by a large number of factors associated with the high temperatures and low rates of precipitation, which may force the species to adapt to strict environmental conditions. Furthermore, when comparing parks, it can be seen that La Tinença and La Font Roja show the most similarities between each other, whilst the Font Roja Park and the Torrevieja Park show a larger group of species that complement each other.

On the other hand, checking with the studies realized in other areas of Spain as Artikutza about the Aspilota-group show that this group was the most abundant captured with approximately 75.77% (Peris-Felipo and Jiménez-Peydró 2011). The information about the abundance is very interesting due to the relationships that these parasitic wasps have with their hosts. This information could be used to estimate the biodiversity appearing in each area.

Finally, we conclude that, although this study was conducted to determine the diversity and community structure of the Aspilota-group, it is recommended further studies of Braconidae in different areas together with DNA-barcode studies to increase the knowledge of this large group that still remains largely unknown.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Dr Maximilian Fischer, Dominique Zimmermann and Manuela Vizek (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien), Dr Jenö Papp (Hungarian Natural History Museum of Budapest), and Dr Gavin Broad (Natural History Mesum of London). Also, we are thankful to the staff of Natural Park of La Font Roja, Natural Park of Las Lagunas de la Mata-Torrevieja and Natural Park of La Tinença de Benifassà for their help during this study.

References

Belokobylskij

2002

East Palaearctic species of the braconid genus

Synaldis

Forster (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

). Species without mesoscutal pit.

Entomological Review 82 4 404

Belokobylskij

S. A.

2004

Eastern Palaearctic Species of the Braconid Wasp Genus

Synaldis

Förster (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

). Species with mesoscutal pit: I

Entomological Review 84 8 935 945

Belokobylskij

S. A.

2004

Eastern Palaearctic Species of the Braconid Wasp Genus

Synaldis

Förster (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

). Species with mesoscutal pit: I

Entomological Review 84 2 191

Briceño

Torres

Romero

2007

Composición faunística y distribución de la familia

Braconidae

(

Hymenoptera

Ichneumonoidea

) en tres ecosistemas naturales de Venezuela

Folia Entomológica Mexicana 6 1413 1418

Briceño

Torres

Zaldívar-Riverón

2009

Primer reporte de la familia

Braconidae

(

Hymenoptera

Ichneumonoidea

) en los parques Cerro Sarroche y Terepaima, Estado Lara, Venezuela

Bioagro 21 223 226

Cirelli

K. R. N.

Penteado-Dias

A. M.

2003

Fenologia dos

Braconidae

(

Hymenoptera

Ichneumonoidea

) da Área de Proteçao Ambiental (APA) de Descalvado, SP.

Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 47 99 105

10.1590/S0085-56262003000100015

Falcó-Garí

Jose Vicente

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

Jiménez-Peydró

Ricardo

2014

Diversity and Phenology of the Braconid Community (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

) in the Mediterranean Protected Landscape of Sierra Calderona (Spain)

Open Journal of Ecology 04 4 174 181

10.4236/oje.2014.44018

Falcó-Garí

J. V.

Oltra-Moscardó

M. T.

Moreno-Marí

Pujade-Villar

Jiménez-Peydró

2006

Fenología de los bracónidos (

Hymenoptera

Ichneumonoidea

Braconidae

) del Pirineo andorrano

Pirineos 161 111 132

10.3989/pirineos.2006.v161.5

Fischer

1993

Zur Formenvielfalt der Kieferwespen der Alten Welt: Über die Gattungen

Synaldis

Foerster,

Trisynaldis

Fischer und

Kritscherysia

Fischer gen. nov. (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien B 94–95 451 490

Fischer

1993

Eine neue Studie über Buckelfliegen–Kieferwespen:

Synaldis

Foerster und

Dinotrema

Foerster (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

Linzer biologische Beiträge 25 2 565 592

Fischer

2003

Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattungen

Synaldis

Foerster und

Adelphenaldis

Fischer, gen. nov. (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alsyinae

)

Linzer biologische Beiträge 35 1 19 74

Fischer

Tormos

Pardo

Asís

J. D.

2008

Descriptions of adults, preimaginal phases, and venom apparatus of a new species of

Aspilota

Forster from Spain (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

)

Zoological studies 47 3 247 257

Fischer

Tormos

Pardo

Asís

J. D.

2008

New citations of

Alysiini

from Spain, with a description of

Dinotrema

mediocornis

hispanicum

nov.ssp. and of the females of

Aspilota

inflatinervis

and

Synaldis

azorica

(

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

Linzer biologische Beiträge 40 2 1449 1466

González

H. Delfín

Ruíz

D. Burgos

2000

Los bracónidos (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

) como grupo parámetro de biodiversidad en las selvas deciduas del trópico: una discusión acerca de su posible uso

Acta Zoológica Mexicana 79 43 56

Hammer

Harper

Ryan

2001

Paleontological statistics software for education and data analysis

Paleontología Electrónica 4 1 9

Jiménez-Peydró

Ricardo

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

2011

Diversity and Community Structure of

Opiinae

(

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

) in the Forest Estate of Artikutza (Spain)

Florida Entomologist 94 3 472 479

10.1653/024.094.0311

Krebs

C. J.

1999 Ecological methodology 2nd

Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park

624

Kremen

Colwell

R. K.

Erwin

T. L.

Murphy

D. D.

Noss

R. F.

Sanjayan

M. A.

1993

Terrestrial Arthropod Assemblages: Their Use in Conservation Planning

Conservation Biology 7 4 796 808

10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.740796.x

LaSalle

Gauld

I. D.

1992

Parasitic

Hymenoptera

and the biodiversity crisis

Redia 74 315 334

Magurran

Anne E.

1988 Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement Chapman and Hall

London

192

10.1007/978-94-015-7358-0

Matthews

1974

A revision of the Scarabaeine dung beetles of Australia. II. Tribe

Scarabaeini

Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series 22 24 1 211

10.1071/ajzs024

Moreno

2001 Métodos para medir al biodiversidad SEA

Zaragoza

Munk

Thorkild

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

Jiménez-Peydró

Ricardo

2013

New Western Palaearctic Species of the Genus

Dinotrema

Foerster, 1862 with Widely Sculptured Propodeum (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

)

Annales Zoologici 63 1 123 141

10.3161/000345413x666174

Munk

Thorkild

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

Jimenez

Ricardo

2013

New western Palaearctic

Dinotrema

species with mesoscutal pit and only medially sculptured propodeum (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

)

ZooKeys 260 61 76

10.3897/zookeys.260.4084

Myers

Norman

Mittermeier

Russell A.

Mittermeier

Cristina G.

undefined

Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca

Kent

Jennifer

2000

Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities

Nature 403 6772 853 858

10.1038/35002501

Pearson

Cassola

1992

World–wide species richness patterns of tiger–beetles (

Coleoptera

Cicindelidae

): Indicator taxon for biodiversity and conservation studies.

Conservation Biology 6 376 391

10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06030376.x

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

Belokobylskij

Sergey A.

2013

Dinotrema

jimenezi

sp. n., a new species of the genus

Dinotrema

(

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

) with only basomedially sculptured propodeum from Spain

Biologia 68 5 979 982

10.2478/s11756-013-0239-6

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

Jiménez-Peydró

Ricardo

2011

Biodiversity within the subfamily

Alyssinae

(

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

) in the Natural Park Peñas de Aya (Spain)

Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 55 3 406 410

10.1590/s0085-56262011005000042

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

Belokobylskij

Sergey A.

Jiménez-Peydró

Ricardo

2012

Genus

Adelphenaldis

Fischer, 2003 (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

) in Spain, with a Key to the World Species

Annales Zoologici 62 2 287 296

10.3161/000345412x652828

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

Belokobylskij

Sergey A.

Jiménez-Peydró

Ricardo

2013

Six new

Dinotrema

species (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

) from Spain, with prescutellar pit and medially sculptured propodeum

Zootaxa 3694 6 545 564

10.11646/zootaxa.3694.6.3

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

Belokobylskij

Sergey A.

Jiménez-Peydró

Ricardo

2013

New Spanish

Dinotrema

species with propodeal areola or mainly sculptured propodeum (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

)

ZooKeys 297 43 70

10.3897/zookeys.297.5228

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

Belokobylskij

Sergey A.

Jimñenez-Peydró

2013

Dinotrema

vitobiasi

sp. nov., a new Spanish species of the genus

Dinotrema

Foerster with only basomedially sculptured propodeum (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

)

Zoosystematica Rossica 22 1 87 92

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

Fischer

Jiménez-Peydró

Ricardo

2013

Five new

Dinotrema

species with mesoscutal pit and medially sculptured propodeum from Spain (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

)

Bulletin of Insectology 66 1 59 71

Peris-Felipo

Francisco Javier

Papp

Jeno

Belokobylskij

Sergey A.

Jiménez-Peydró

2014

Seven new Spanish species of the genus

Synaldis

(

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

) with mesoscutal pit

Zootaxa 3764 1 39 60

10.11646/zootaxa.3764.1.3

Pungetti

2003 Las areas protegidas en la cuenca mediterránea Diseño ecológico del paisaje. Planificación y conectividad en el mediterráneo y en Italia

Sevilla

Junta de Andalucia, RENPA y IUCN

Sevilla

111-124

Pyle

Bentzien

Opler

1981

Insect Conservation

Annual Review of Entomology 26 1 233 258

10.1146/annurev.en.26.010181.001313

Scatolini

Denise

Penteado-Dias

Angélica Maria

2003

Análise faunística de

Braconidae

(

Hymenoptera

) em três áreas de mata nativa do Estado do Paraná, Brasil

Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 47 2 187 195

10.1590/s0085-56262003000200006

Schluter

Ricklefs

R. E.

1993

Species diversity: an introduction to the problem

Ricklefs

R. E.

Schluter

Species diversity in ecological communities University of Chicago Press

Chicago

Sharkey

M. J.

1993

Family

Braconidae

Ricklefs

R. E.

Schluter

Hymenoptera

of the World: An Identification Guide to Families Chicago 668

Soares

S. A.

Antonialli-Junior

W. F.

Lima-Junior

S. E.

2010

Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (

Hymenoptera

Formicidae

) em dois ambientes no Centro-Oeste do Brasil.

Revita Brasileira de Entomologia 54 1 76 81

10.1590/S0085-56262010000100009

Tobias

V. I.

2003

Contribution to the knowledge of the Subgenus

Prosapha

stat. n. of the genus

Dinotrema

(

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

Entomological Review 83 5 606 611

Tobias

V. I.

2003

Species of the genus

Dinotrema

Foerster, 1862 (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

) without prescutellar pit and with smooth or only medially sculptured propodeum from Russia and Adjacent Territories

Entomological Review 83 3 279 294

Tobias

V. I.

2004

Two new species of the Genus

Dinotrema

Foerster (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

) without prescutellar pit

Entomological Review 84 6 673 676

Tobias

V. I.

2004

Species of the Genus

Dinotrema

Foerster, 1862 (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

) without prescutellar pit and with with a widely sculptured propodeum and short mandibles from Russia and neighboring Territories

Entomological Review 84 2 216 232

Tobias

V. I.

2006

Palaeartic species of the genus

Dinotrema

Foerster (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

) with a prescutellar pit and with long ovipositor

Entomological Review 86 3 324 336

10.1134/S0013873806030092

Tobias

V. I.

Jakimavicius

A. B.

Kiriyak

A. G.

1986

Family

Braconidae

Medvedev

G. S.

Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR, III. Part V Nauca Publisher

Leningrad

Tokeshi

1993

Species abundance patterns and community structure

Advances in Ecological Research 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60042-2

van Achterberg

1988

The genera of the

Aspilota

–group and some descriptions of fungicolous

Alysiini

from the Netherlands (

Hymenoptera

Braconidae

Alysiinae

)

Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden 247 1

van Achterberg

1990

Illustrated key to the subfamilies of Holartic

Braconidae

(

Hymenoptera

Ichneumonoidea

)

Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden 64 1 20

Villarreal

Alvarez

H. M.

Cordoba

Escobar

Fagua

Gast

Mendoza

Ospina

Umaña

A. M.

2004

Insectos

Manual de métodos para el desarrollo de inventarios de biodiversidad. Bogotá (Colombia) Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt

Bogotá

Wharton

R. A.

Marsh

P. M.

Sharkey

M. J.

1997 Manual of the New World Genera of the Family

Braconidae

(

Hymenoptera

) The International Society of Hymenopterists

Washington

439

D. S.

van Achterberg

Horstmann

2012

World

Ichneumonoidea

2012. Taxonomy, Biology, Morphology and Distribution

Taxapad

Zar

J. H.

1999 Biostatistical analysis Prentice Hall

New Jersey

328

Figure 1.

Cluster of Jaccard analysis reflecting relationship between Natural Parks.

Figure 2.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

Table 1.

Expected frequency of species (exp f) according to abundance models (log-series, log-normal and broken-stick) for the Aspilota-group community.

	Font Roja	Tinença	Torrevieja
Species	23	39	21
Specimens	182	383	257
Simpson I.	0.835	0.919	0.798
Berger-Parker	0.274	0.185	0.307
Shannon I.	2.234	3.006	2.023

Table 2.

Expected frequency of species (exp f) according to abundance models (log-series, log-normal and broken-stick) for the Aspilota-group community.

	Font Roja						Tinença						Torrevieja
	Log-series		Log-normal		Broken-stick		Log-series		Log-normal		Broken-stick		Log-series		Log-normal		Broken-stick
Class	Exp f	Obs f	Exp f	Obs f	Exp f	Obs f	Exp f	Obs f	Exp f	Obs f	Exp f	Obs f	Exp f	Obs f	Exp f	Obs f	Exp f	Obs f
0	–	–	5.72	0	–	–	–	–	1.72	0	–	–	–	–	3.12	0	–	–
1	9.94	14	17.55	14	4.68	14	15.69	14	10.95	14	6.70	14	7.89	10	5.63	10	2.92	10
2	3.57	3	7.75	3	3.70	3	5.75	4	6.66	4	5.51	4	2.94	4	2.28	4	2.52	4
3	3.49	2	6.83	2	5.22	2	5.78	6	7.03	6	8.26	6	3.01	1	2.19	1	4.03	1
4	2.94	0	4.72	0	5.18	0	5.14	10	5.54	10	9.30	10	2.79	2	1.74	2	5.14	2
5	1.97	2	2.55	2	2.53	2	3.83	3	3.29	3	5.97	3	2.25	2	1.14	2	4.16	2
6	0.87	2	1.01	2	0.30	2	2.08	1	1.41	1	1.30	1	1.42	0	0.64	0	1.34	0
7	0.18	0	0.32	0	0.00	0	0.63	1	0.46	1	0.03	1	0.57	2	0.31	2	0.06	2
8	0.09	0	0.10	0	0.00	0	0.06	0	0.09	0	0.00	0	0.10	0	0.12	0	0.00	0
9	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.00	0	0.04	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.06	0	0.00	0
	X² = 6.973		X² = 18.994		X² = 35.603		X² = 6.336		X² = 8.202		X² = 41.949		X² = 7.647		X² = 19.177		X² = 87.420
	p = 0.323		p = 0.014		p = 0.000		p = 0.501		p = 0.513		p = 0.000		p = 0.364		p = 0.023		p = 0.000

Table 3.

Whittaker index and Complementarity index values for Aspilota-group between Natural Parks.

	Tinença	Font Roja	Torrevieja
Tinença		0.622	0.723	Complementarity
Font Roja	0.709		0.810
Torrevieja	0.766	1.409
	Whittaker