Biodiversity Data JournalBiodiversity Data JournalBiodiversity Data JournalBDJ1314-28361314-2828Pensoft PublishersBiodiversity Data Journal10.3897/BDJ.2.e11063009Taxonomic paperColeopteraEcologyItalyEuropeSaproxylic beetles of the Po plain woodlands, ItalyStefanelliSilviaMssilviastef@tiscali.it†Della RoccaFrancescaDrfdellarocca@gmail.com†BoglianiGiuseppeProf†Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Corresponding authors: Silvia Stefanelli (silviastef@tiscali.it), Francesca Della Rocca (fdellarocca@gmail.com).
Academic editor: David Bilton .
2014220720142e11062404201418062014Silvia Stefanelli, Francesca Della Rocca, Giuseppe BoglianiThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Forest ecosystems play an important role for the conservation of biodiversity, and for the protection of ecological processes. The Po plain woodlands which once covered the whole Plain, today are reduced in isolated highly threatened remnants by modern intensive agriculture. These close to natural floodplain forests are one of the most scarce and endangered ecosystems in Europe.
Saproxylic species represent a major part of biodiversity of woodlands. The saproxylic insects are considered one of the most reliable bio-indicators of high-quality mature woodlands and have a very important role in regard to the protection and monitoring of forest biodiversity due to their highly specific living environments. As a result of the dramatic reduction of mature forests and the decreased availability of deadwood most of the saproxylic communities are greatly diminishing.
The study was conducted in the Ticino Valley Regional Park and the aim is to contribute to the expansion of knowledge on the saproxylic beetles of Lombardy. We investigated 6 sampling sites belonging to alluvial and riparian mixed forests. For each forest we selected 12 trees. For beetles’ collection we used two different traps: Eclector Traps and Trunk Window Traps (total of 72 traps and 864 samples collected).
We determined 4.387 beetles from 87 saproxylic species belonging to 21 families. Of these species 51 were not included in the previous checklist of the Park.
By comparing the two different techniques used for catching saproxylic beetles, we found a significantly high difference in species richness between Window Traps (WT) and Eclector Traps (ET) with a higher number of species captured in the Window Traps. However, the combined use of two different types of traps significantly expanded the spectrum of insects captured
Among the species reported as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List, we found interesting species such as the ElateridaeCalambusbipustulats, the EucnemidaeMelasisbuprestoides and the following species never previously found in the Park: CerambycidaeXylotrechusrusticus, the CetoniidaeValgushemipterus, the ElateridaeLaconpunctatus, the MycetophagidaeMycetophaguspiceus, Litargusconnexus.
Although we didn’t find species listed in the Annexes of the EU Habitat Directive, some of the species found are locally threatened because of their rarity, local distribution, and strong linkage to old forests. Among these species there are the BothrideridaeBothrideresbipunctatus, the CerambycidaePrionuscoriarius and Xylotrechusrusticus, the DryophthoridaeDryophthoruscorticalis, the EucnemidaeNematodesfilum (with only 1 individual captured in Alnus unmanged forest), the HisteridaeAeletesatomarius and Paromalusflavicornis, the LaemophloeidaeCryptolestesduplicatus, the LatridiidaeEnicmusrugosus and Latridiushirtus, the MycetophagidaeMycetophaguspiceus, and the ZopheridaeColydiumelongatum and Pycnomerusterebrans.
Dead woodsaproxylic beetlesspecies checklistIntroduction
Forest ecosystems play an important role for the conservation of biodiversity and for the maintenance of ecological processes. Italian forests make up 34.7% of the country’s territory and are among the lushest in Europe (European Environment Agency 2006). North Italy, in particular the area of the Po Plain Valley, was once entirely covered by alluvial floodplain forests. Today these kinds of forests are reduced to small remnants, are considered one of most at risk ecosystems, and are strongly threatened by intensive agriculture and industrial activity (Minelli et al. 2002). Two examples of these ecosystems are the "Bosco Della Fontana" in Mantova and the "Ticino Valley Regional Park".
Saproxylic species represent roughly 20–30% of the invertebrate fauna of the European broad-leaved forests (Wermelinger et al. 2002, Vallauri et al. 2005) and constitute a huge part of woodland biodiversity. Moreover, saproxylic insects are considered one of the most reliable bio-indicators of high-quality mature woodlands (Speight 1989, Fowles et al. 1999, Brustel 2001, Alexander 2004, Johnsson et al. 2005) and have a very important role in regard to the protection and monitoring of forest biodiversity due to their highly specific living environments (Schlaghamerský 2000). The role of insects in the decomposition of deadwood and in the distribution of woody debris is essential (Schlaghamerský 2003, Harmon et al. 1986), and their conservation is strongly needed in order to preserve overall biodiversity.
As a result of the dramatic reduction in mature forests and the decreased availability of deadwood, most saproxylic communities are diminishing greatly. Several species are suffering from fragmented distribution, and in some cases, are disappearing from their former strongholds (Geiser 1998).
The ecology and distribution of many saproxyilic species in Mediterranean countries are poorly studied or completely unknown (Buse et al. 2010). Data on the saproxylic fauna of lowland forests, particularly on floodplains, is very limited (Nieto and Alexander 2010). The aim of this study is to expand our knowledge about the Italian saproxylic beetle populations and, more specifically, to gain more information about the species present in the floodplain forests of the Po Valley along a gradient of deadwood consumption within the Ticino Valley Natural Park.
Materials and methodsStudy area
The study was conducted in the Ticino Valley Natural Park located in Northwest Italy 30 km south of the city of Milan. The park, which was acknowledged as the MAB Biosphere Reserve “Valle del Ticino” (UNESCO 2005), covers an area of 287 km2 along the banks of the Ticino River from Lake Maggiore to its confluence with the Po River. This particular geographic position crosses the most urbanized area of the country and represents an important ecological corridor between the Alps and the Apennines by creating a biological connection between continental Europe and the Mediterranean area. The Ticino Valley represents an area of high biodiversity with a large variety of habitats: conifer forests, lowland forests, waterways, wetlands, cultivated fields, heathlands, and meadows (Bogliani and Furlanetto 1995). In particular, the valley forests represent what remains of the ancient lowland deciduous forests that once covered the plains of northern Italy. Woodlands cover 195.46 km2 or 60% of the whole natural park and mainly consist of the two habitat types listed in Annex I of the EU Habitat Directive 92/43/CEE (Falco et al. 2008): 1) 91E0* – Alluvial forests with Alnusglutinosa and Fraxinusexcelsior (Alno-Pandion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) and 2) 91F0* – Riparian mixed forests of Quercusrobur, Ulmuslaevis, and Ulmusminor.
This study covers two Sites of Community Importance (SCI): “Boschi Siro Negri e Moriano” (IT2080014) and “Boschi di Vaccarizza” (IT2080019) located on the southern side of the Park (Fig. 1)
The SCI “Boschi Siro Negri e Moriano” extends along the Ticino River from the bridge of the Milano-Genova highway to the city of Pavia and covers an area of 13.52 km2. The SCI has an elongated shape and is inserted inside a broad valley groove with a low slope that widens as you move from North to South. The river is included in a dense hydrographic network represented by irrigation ditches that constitute an interesting environmental and wetland habitat with a high natural value (Perracino 2010). The forest vegetation includes both habitat types described above with the most common trees being the pedunculated oak (Quercusrobur), three species of poplars (Populusalba, Populusnigra, Populustremulus), and the locust tree (Robiniapseudoacacia) and the most common high shrubs being hazel (Corylusavellana), hawthorn (Crataegusmonogyna), and bird cherry (Prunuspadus). The most interesting area in the SCI is the Integral Nature Reserve "Bosco Siro Negri" (BN10). The Reserve, established in 1973, is characterized by the presence of unmanaged lowland forests that represent the vegetation which covered a large part of the Po Valley before Roman expansion (Tomaselli and Gentile 1971).
The SCI “Boschi di Vaccarizza” covers an area of 4.65 km2 between the city of Pavia and the Southern border of the park; it is completely included inside the Ticino Valley Regional Park, but it’s located in an area subjected to deep transformations by human activities. The SCI is located downstream of the confluence of the Ticino River into Po River. In this stretch, the floodplain is very large when compared to many other waterways in the area and is occupied, for the most part, by poplar plantations which characterize the cultivation of the area. Only in the Northern part of the SCI and in the ranges in close contact with the river did we find a more complex vegetation structure (Perracino 2010). The study area includes only the northern part of the SCI and sampling was only carried out in one type of habitat: the wet forests belonging to type "*91E0: Alluvional forests" (Falco et al. 2008) which featured a prevalence of alder trees, Alnusglutinosa.
Study design
We investigated 6 sampling sites consisting of both managed and unmanaged forests. We considered unmanaged forests those which had not been influenced by direct human disturbance for at least 20 years (Paillet et al. 2010). We analyzed data from 2 riparian mixed forests (habitat code 91F0*) dominated by Quercusrobur (called here in this paper "Quercus forests") and 4 Alluvial forests (habitat code 91E0*). The Alluvial forests included 2 riparian forests of Alnusglutinosa (Corine Biotope code 44.3 and called in this paper “Alnus forests”) and 2 arborescent galleries of tall Salixalba, Salixfragilis, and Populusnigra (Corine biotope 44.13: called in this paper “Populus forests”).
In the SCI "Boschi Siro Negri e Moriano", we considered two Populus forests consisting of 1 managed site (BN1) and 1 unmanaged site (BN21). We also analyzed two Quercus forests consisting of 1 managed (BN5) and 1 unmanaged site (BN10).
In the SCI "Boschi di Vaccarizza", we investigated two Alnus forests. In this case we also investigated 1 unmanged forest (V1) and 1 managed forest (V2).
For each forest, we selected and georeferenced 12 trees, 6 fallen and 6 standing, belonging to three decay classes of wood according to the criteria described in the manual "BioSoil - Biodiversity Project" (Cindolo and Petriccione 2006): Class 1 – hard and compact wood with intact bark, Class 2 – hardwood or initial disintegration (penetrable up to 1cm) with bark partially absent, and Class 3 – soft wood (penetrable up to 3 cm or more) with bark almost totally absent. We placed traps on two trees for each decaying class.
For collecting beetles, we used two different traps: 1) Eclector Traps (Alinvi et al. 2007) used for the quantitative sampling of insects emerging from logs in a moderately advanced stage of decomposition and 2) Trunk Window Traps (Kaila 1993) used to sample the total assemblage of flying saproxylic beetles (Fig. 2).
All traps were checked every two weeks from April 2010 to September 2010 for a total of 12 collections from each forest and 864 samples collected during the study. Of the 68 families identified, 48 were found to be saproxylic and we considered obligate saproxyilics to be those beetles which depend on dead wood in at least part of their lifecycle (Gibb et al. 2006). Among the 48 saproxilic families, we choose only 21 families on the basis of there being a significant number of saproxylic species in the family and the availability of a specialist to identify the specimens.
In the analysis, we used the pooled sample of 72 traps (36 windows traps and 36 eclector traps). As a measure of species richness (α-diversity) (Whittaker 1972) we used the number of species caught in each plot because the sampling effort was the same at all the sites. The number of species was log-transformed to approach a normal distribution. We compared species richness among the tree habitat types using a one-way ANOVA and between managed and unmanaged forests using a T-test.
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia North, Sardinia, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (Asian Turkey, Caucasian Russian republics, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Sinai Peninsula (Egypt), Arabian peninsula, Iran, Iraq) (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives in conifer, broadleaves, mixed, and floodplain forests. The larva is a predator of Coccidae and develops mainly on pine and fir, while the adult is found on larch, willow, oak, and beech (Hoebeke and Wheeler 1991, Holuša and Trýzna 2007).
The species is polyphagous. The larva develops and lives in the dead branches of different wood species; the adult is sometimes found in soil and roots (Abbazzi et al. 1999).
Austria, Azores, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Canary Is., Channel Is., Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyclades Is., Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Dodecanese Is., Estonia, European Turkey, Faroe Is., Finland, Franz Josef Land, French mainland, Germany, Gibraltar, Greek mainland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madeira, Malta, Moldova Republic of, Monaco, North Aegean Is., Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Novaya Zemlya, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, San Marino, Sardinia, Selvagens Is., Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Svalbard & Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Vatican City, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives in relict virgin forests (Bussler et al. 2005). It is found in the larval galleries of other beetles in the decaying woods of broadleaves, mainly willow and poplar. The larva is polymetabolous ectoparasitoids of the longhorn and jewel beetle larvae (Hůrka 2005).
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azores, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Canary Is., Channel Is., Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyclades Is., Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Dodecanese Is., Estonia, European Turkey, Faroe Is., Finland, Franz Josef Land, French mainland, Germany, Gibraltar, Greek mainland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madeira, Malta, Moldova Republic of, Monaco, North Aegean Is., Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Novaya Zemlya, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, San Marino, Sardinia, Selvagens Is., Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Svalbard & Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Vatican City, Yugoslavia, Afro-tropical region, Australian region, East Palaearctic, Near East, Nearctic region, Neotropical region, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Macedonia, Romania, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species appears in early summer and has nocturnal habits. The larva lives in all species of broadleaves, but mainly in large dead trees (Pesarini and Sabbadini 1994).
Albania, Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
This is the smallest European species of the genus. The larva is polyphagous and develops for two years in dead wood, but it also often lives in the wood of various damaged or diseased broadleaves. The adult is active for most of the spring and summer and appears in the flowers of shrubs and herbs and on old wood (Hůrka 2005, Pesarini and Sabbadini 1994).
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova Republic of, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species develops in the wood and dead branches of various broadleaves and occasionally in conifers; adults occur on flowers (Alexander 2002, Hůrka 2005).
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova Republic of, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is active for most of the spring and summer. Larva develops under bark and in the wood of many broadleaves, and is often found on oaks, beech, and fruit trees (Hůrka 2005). The adults occur on flowers, but can also be found on the trunks of host plants (Pesarini and Sabbadini 1994).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia East, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is the most common of the four Central European species of the genus. The larva is polyphagous and develops under bark on dry branch wood. The adult appears in May and June on flowers of various plants especially hawthorns and umbrellifers (Hůrka 2005).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The larva is polyphagous and develops under bark on branches and trunks of various dead broadleaves, mainly oak, and also rarely in conifers. The adult is found from May to August on wood in broadleaves woodland ranging from lowlands to mountains (Alexander 2002, Hůrka 2005).
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is widespread from the plains to the mountains. The larva develops in the cambial layer of large sections of freshly dead broadleaves wood. The adult is usually found on oaks, and rarely occur on flowers. (Alexander and Anderson 2012, Pesarini and Sabbadini 1994).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Luxembourg, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is polyphagous. The larva develops in the wood of different species of broadleaves. The adult appears in early spring and remains active for a short period (Pesarini and Sabbadini 1994).
Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, European Turkey, French mainland, Greek mainland, Italian mainland, Romania, San Marino, Sardinia, Sicily, Spanish mainland, Switzerland (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species has a strong sexual dimorphism. The larva is polyphagous and develops in both deciduous and coniferous trees, but prefers the first. The adult can be found on the trunks of the same host plants (Pesarini and Sabbadini 1994).
Croatia, Hungary, Italian mainland, Slovenia, Switzerland, Nearctic region (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is thermophilic. It is found on many hardwoods as rosa, oak, lime, ash, grape, cercis, chestnut, willow, hornbeam, evonymus, birch, robinia, and hibiscus trees, but is also more rarely found in conifers such as fir trees (Pesarini and Sabbadini 1994).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, Nearctic region, North Africa, Oriental region (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species develops in the dead branches and dead logs of various broadleaves, mainly oak, and also in conifers. The larva makes characteristic borings in the bark and sapwood. The adult is crepuscular and attracted to light and sweet secretions (Alexander 2002).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species develops in the thin dead branches of a variety of broadleaves especially in old hedgerows (Alexander 2002).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is widespread in both the plains and the mountains. The larva develops for three years in dead wood, mainly in stumps and their roots, and reaches up to 70mm in size. The adult appears in the summer in broadleaves and mixed forests, and also rarely in conifers. It flies at dusk and during the night. It is a species with a declining population (Hůrka 2005, Pesarini and Sabbadini 1994).
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (Fauna Europaea (2013)).
Notes
The larva lives in the soil and feeds on the mycelia of fairy ring champignons. The adult appears from June to August on various flowers, mainly in meadows (Hůrka 2005).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia,Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, Oriental region (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is very common and lives in forests, meadows, and glades from lowlands to mountains. The larva develops in the rotting wood of broadleaves and conifers. Adults in flowers (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, Oriental region (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is more common in the plains than in the mountains. The larva develops in different species of broadleaves. The adult occur on flowers and appears during late spring and summer (Pesarini and Sabbadini 1994).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, North Aegean Is., Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The larva develops under the bark of the dry branch wood of roses and hawthorns, as well as, blackthorns and other fruit trees. The adult appears beginning in April on the twigs, leaves, and flowers of orchards and forest edges (Hůrka 2005).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is more widespread in the Mediterranean area than in continental regions. The larva develops only in oaks. The adult appears during spring and summer on the logs of the host plants (Pesarini and Sabbadini 1994).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa, Oriental region (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is rare but widespread as are the other species of the genus. The larva develops under the bark of various broadleaves, mainly birch, poplar, willow, and aspen. The adults mostly occur on stacks of dry branches or logs of host plants and fly and run around in sunshine (Hůrka 2005).
Crete, French mainland, Greek mainland, Italian mainland, Sardinia, Switzerland, Afro-tropical region, Australian region, Near East, North Africa, Oriental region (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
It is an allochthonous species which probably arrived in Europe infesting the wood of mulberry trees. Little is known about its biology (Dioli and Viganò 1990).
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives in ancient forests. The larva develops in the rotten wood of different species of recently dead hardwoods and feeds on decomposing fungi and spores (Alexander and Anderson 2012).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Channel Is., Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is very common. The larva develops in the rotten wood of old broadleaves with humus-rich soil. It pupates in late summer and autumn in a cocoon in which the beetle overwinters. The adult appears from April to October on the flowers of various herbs, shrubs, trees, and also sometimes at oozing sap (Hůrka 2005).
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Channel Is., Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, North Aegean Is., Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
It is a thermophilous species. The adult appears from May to July on the flowers of various herbs and shrubs (Hůrka 2005).
It is a common, hardy species with variable coloration. The larva which often occurs at the edges of ant hills of Formicarufa group feeds on nest material and various wood debris. Females lay eggs near the anthills and larval development takes two years. The adult appears from May to July on flowers and ripe fruits (Hůrka 2005).
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Channel Is., Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyclades Is., Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dodecanese Is., European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Poland, Romania, Russia East, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
This is an univoltine species. The larva feeds on decaying plant matter and roots in the soil. The adult appears at the end of March mostly on yellow flowers and feeds on pollen (Hůrka 2005).
Albania, Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, Nearctic region, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The larva develops in the decaying wood of dead broadleaves for one year. The adult appears from the end of April to the end of June on flowers in warmer areas (Hůrka 2005).
Austria, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Russia Northwest, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species inhabits the old relict forests of broadleaves and conifers throughout Europe. Despite their wide distribution, this species is pretty rare probably because of its hidden lifestyle and difficulty to collect. The larva develops in the hard wood of oaks and also in beeches and is often associated with the ant Lasiusbrunneus (Alexander 2002, Pešić 2011).
Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is principally associated with ancient oak forests. The larva develops in the dead timber of various broadleaves mainly in heart-rot, but also under the bark of rotten limbs. It is a predator of other beetle larvae, often Dorcus sp. (Alexander 2002).
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
This species is typical of wetlands, particularly the riparian forests of the Lombardy plains. The larva develops in the stumps of different species including both broadleaves and conifers (Platia 1994).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is primarily associated with ancient wood pastures. Larva develops in the decayed timber of oak, birch, pine, and probably other trees. It pupates at the end of the season and hibernates as adult. The adult is active from May to June (Alexander 2002).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
It is one of the most common species associated with ancient forests and wetlands. The species lives on the banks of rivers and swamps where the larva develops in many deciduous species and in the decay of logs, stumps, and branches. It pupates at end of the season and hibernates as adult (Alexander 2002, Platia 1994).
Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia Northwest, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is found in the winter under the bark of old oak trees such as lindens, elms, poplars, and mulberry trees. The larva is a predator living in the soft rotten wood of stumps and trunks on the same plant as the adult, especially oaks (Platia 1994, Alexander 2002).
Balearic Is., Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Malta, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives in conifers, mainly pine, and in broadleaves like oak, beech, chestnut, willow, poplar, pear, and lime. The larva develops under the bark of standing and fallen dead trees and in stumps and trunks invaded by ants of the genus Camponotus. The adult has crepuscular and nocturnal habits and is often found together with the larvae (Platia 1994).
Albania, Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is common and widespread. The larva develops mainly in rotted timber, but also in decaying wood. The adult flies after dark and is attracted to light (Alexander 2002).
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia North, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species usually lives in softer polypore fungi, like Letiporussulphureus, Piptoporusbetulinus, and Pleurotusostreatus, on trunks of broadleaves (Alexander and Anderson 2012).
Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Russia Central, Russia North, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species occurs relatively often and throughout the year on tree fungi, especially on beeches where the larva also develops (Alexander 2002, Hůrka 2005).
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Macedonia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Afro-tropical region, East Palaearctic, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is mostly found on beech, hornbeam, and elm trees. The larva develops in rather hard dead timber, especially boughs, of a wide variety of broadleaves (Alexander 2002, Hůrka 2005).
Austria, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Poland, Sardinia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives in ancient wood pastures, in beech, ash, willow, and alder trees. It is usually found in the burrows of stag beetles Dorcusparallelipipedus in the moist crumbly decaying heartwood; although it has also been recorded with Sinodendroncylindricum and ant species such as Lasiusbrunneus (Alexander 2002).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Canary Is., Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyclades Is., Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Dodecanese Is., Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova Republic of, North Aegean Is., Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives in all kinds of decaying organic matter, especially bat guano and bird nests. It is found in the nests of Coloeusmonedulaspemologus, Sturnusvulgaris, and Strixaluco (Vienna 1980).
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives mainly in sub-hill habitats. It lives all stages in the ingrowings of Populusalba, Populuspyramidalis and Pinussylvestris and often in trunks on the ground (Vienna 1980).
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyclades Is., Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Dodecanese Is., European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, North Aegean Is., Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives in old parks and ancient woodlands. It is found under the preferably dead bark of trees such as poplar, willow, oak, beech, walnut, chestnut, and maritime pine trees. It sometimes lives associated with ants such as Lasiusfuliginosus and Formicacunicularia. The larva is a predator of other insect larvae and is often found in the burrows of Bostrychus sp. and Crypturguspusillus. The adult appears in the spring and at the end of summer (Alexander 2002, Vienna 1980).
Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Macedonia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species living range is from hills to mountains and in various types of decaying wood from both standing and fallen trees. The larva develops in poplars, beeches, oaks, and rarely in conifers (Vienna 1980).
The species lives from the plains to the mountains, mainly in primary forests. The larva develops under the bark of Fagacaee, mainly oak and rarely beech trees (Ratti 1999).
Austria, Belgium, Britain I., Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Poland, Russia South (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives from the plains to the mountains, but also is found in urban parks. It is found under the bark of various species of broadleaves, mainly oaks, beeches, limes and maples, especially if fungi or Scolytidae are present (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Austria, Belgium, Britain I., Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Madeira, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Russia South, Sicily, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives from the plains to the hills and rarely in the mountains; they are mainly found in forests but are also found in urban habitats. It lives under the bark of various trees such as beech, oak, chestnut, elm, lime, maple, and pine trees. Sometimes it is found in galleries of Scolytidae (Scolytus sp., Pteleobius sp., Taphrorychus sp., Tomicus sp.). It is attracted to both fresh and fermented sap (Ratti 1999).
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives under the bark of old forest deadwood, mainly in oak but also in ash, beech, alder, and pine trees. It usually lives associated with fungi of the genus Lycoperdacea, Polyporacea, and myxomycetes (Alexander 2002, Rücker 2004).
Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia North, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, East Palaearctic, Nearctic region (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives in primary forests, and it is considered quite rare. It lives in both hardwood and softwood trunks if it is first attacked by fungi of the genus Polyporacea (Fauna Europaea 2013, Hůrka 2005).
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives from the mountains to the Mediterranean lowlands. The larva develops in the rotten wood of various broadleaves and is often attacked by fungi. The adult flies on summer evenings, and it is attracted to light (Alexander 2002, Hůrka 2005)
Austria, Britain I., Canary Is., Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Madeira, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Afro-tropical region, Australian region, East Palaearctic, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Canary Is., Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madeira, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, San Marino, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species usually lives under bark on broadleaves trees, especially if attacked by fungi. The larva feeds on the mycelia and occasionally hunts bark beetles as most other species of the genus (Alexander 2002, Hůrka 2005).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The larvae feeds mainly on fungi belonging to the species Daldinialoculata and Daldiniaconcentric and more generally on Pyrenomycetes. The adult is found in rotten wood, especially if attacked by fungal decomposers (Alexander and Anderson 2012).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives primary in ancient forests and wood pastures. Both larva and adults are found in the fresh and moist trunks and branches of mainly oak trees, especially if attacked by the fungus Laetiporussulphureus (Alexander 2002).
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Channel Is., Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
This very rare species lives in old decaying broadleaves timbers with mildewed cavities. Sometimes it is found in stored products where fungal decay occurred (Alexander 2002).
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives in mesophilic woodlands, especially lowland oak forests, but is also found in mixed forests. It lives associated with macromycetes in decaying trees (Audisio 1993).
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azores, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Dodecanese Is., Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Monaco, North Aegean Is., Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, San Marino, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, Nearctic region (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The larva and adults can be found in the galleries of ambrosia beetles, at oozing tree sap, and in various fungi. The larva develops in the nests of bumblebees and the adult occur on flowers and during winter can be found in mole nests (Hůrka 2005).
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Monaco, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The larva develops in forests in mainly fermented sap and at the exit of galleries dug into the wood by other beetles. The adult sporadically attends the same microhabitat of larva, but it is also found on inflorescences and fermented fruit (Audisio 1993).
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives in conifer forests. The larva and adult are found mainly in the rotten wood of pine trees and on the fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes that grows on this tree species. The adult is found on flowers and inflorescences of Dicotyledons, particularly during the spring and summer (Audisio 1993).
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Lithuania, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives from the plains to the mountains, but is also found in urban areas. The larva develops under the bark of broadleaves such as oak, beech, elm, poplar, and hornbeam trees, and is rarely in conifers such as fir and pine trees. The adult appears from the end of April to July (Ratti 2007).
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Lithuania, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is autochtonous for Italy and is the most widespread of the genus. It lives in forests, but is also found in isolated dead trees. Usually it is gregarious, and it is found under the bark of various broadleaves such as hornbeam, chestnut, beech, poplar, oak, robinia, willow, elm, and fruits trees. It is rarely found in conifers such as fir and pine trees. Both larva and adults are often found with the SilvanidaeUleiotaplanata. The adult flies during the night (Ratti 2007).
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Lithuania, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is native for Italy and is found both in igrophilus, mesophilic, and mesotermophilic forests. The larva develops under the bark of broadleaves deadwood such as chestnut, beech, poplar, oak, robinia, willow, elm, alder, birch, and fruits trees, but is also found in conifers. The adult appears mainly in July (Ratti 2007).
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia North, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is common locally and is associated with tree fungi. The larva develops in various polypore fungi such as Polyporussquamosus, Laetiporussulphureus, and Piptoporusbetulinus (Hůrka 2005).
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia North, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is commensal in burrows of the bark beetles Scolytusscolytus and Scolytusmultistriatus. It usually lives in elm and oak trees on mainly fungi and detritus; sometimes it is also associated with Daldiniaconcentrica on old ash and with Polyporussquamosus (Alexander 2002).
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species develops in freshly the dead wood of birch, beech, and oak trees. It is probably a predator of the larvae of the beetle Hylecoetus and other wood borers (Alexander 2002).
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives under the bark of old broadleaves invaded by fungi, especially oak and beech trees. It is also found under the bark of black elms Sambucusnigra invaded by the fungus Hirneolaauricola-judae (Hůrka 2005).
Austria, Azores, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyprus, Danish mainland, European Turkey, Faroe Is., Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Madeira, Malta, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives in ancient wood pastures. It lives under the bark of beech and oak tree deadwood in the early stages of decay and still sappy. It can also be found on birch, horse chestnut, and sycamore trees. The larva and adults are gregarious (Alexander 2002, Hůrka 2005).
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is rare. The larva develops under the bark and in the rotting wood of various dead broadleaves and conifer trees. It is a voracious predator of the larvae and pupae of other insects, especially Platypus sp. and Xyloterus sp. (Alexander 2002, Hůrka 2005).
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Macedonia, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives mainly in the mountains and occasionally in the lowlands. The larva and adults are found under the loose bark of several broadleaves, especially beech trees (Alexander 2002, Cianferoni et al. 2009).
Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species is rare and lives in undisturbed broadleaves forests. The larva develops under bark and in old rotting wood (Hůrka 2005).
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species lives in isolated and relict forests. The larva develops under the bark of deadwood and in the tree humus often associated with ants of the genus Lasius. In one case, the species was found with another beetle Osmodermaeremita (Bussler et al. 2005).
Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea 2013).
Notes
The species develops on dry branches and under the bark of broadleaves (Hůrka 2005).
Analysis
Within the 21 families considered, we determined 4,387 individuals belonging to 87 species. Of these species, only 36 were included in the "Atlas of Biodiversity" published from Ticino Valley Regional Park (Furlanetto 2002).
In the SCI "Bosco Siro Negri", we collected 21 families, and we identified 78 saproxylic species (3,310 species), 46 of which had never been reported in the Park (Table 1).
The family with the highest number of species was that of Cerambycidae with 18 different saproxylic species all of which were previously reported in the Atlas of Biodiversity except for Xylotrechusrusticus (Linneaus, 1958) which was captured exclusively in the poplar forests. The second largest family was Elateridae with 8 species; 3 of them were not reported in the Park: Calambusbipustulatus (Linneaus, 1767), Cardiophorusanticus (Erichson, 1840), and Laconpunctatus (Herbst, 1779).
The families with only one saproxyilic species were: Cerylonidae with Cerylonferrugineum (Stephens, 1830), Curculionidae with Phloeophaguslignarius (Marsham, 1802), Dryophthoridae with Dryophthoruscorticalis (Paykull, 1792), Eucnemidae with Melasisbuprestoides (Linneaus, 1761), Lissomidae with Drapetesmordelloides (Host, 1789), and Lucanidae with Dorcusparallelipipedus (Linneaus, 1785).
Regarding the single species, the most abundant beetle was Enicmusrugosus (Herbst, 1793) (Latridiidae) with 708 individuals of which most were captured in the Populus managed forests BN5.
In the SCI "Boschi di Vaccarizza", we collected 1.077 individuals belonging to 17 families and 48 species of which 29 species have never been reported in the Park (Table 2). In this SCI, saproxylic beetles belonging to the families of Cerylonidae, Curculionidae, Dryophthoridae, and Lissomidae were not found.
Also in this case, the family with the greatest number of species was Cerambycidae with 10 species already reported within the Park. The second and the third largest families were Elateridae and Tenebrionidae with 5 species each. The families of Bothrideridae, Erotylidae, Laemophloeidae, Lucanidae, and Monotomidae were those with the lowest number of saproxylic species being represented by a single species.
The most abundant species was the MycetophagidaeLitargusconnexus (Geoffroy, 1785), not reported in the Atlas of Biodiversity in the Park. It is an obligate saproxylic beetle classified as "Least Concern" by the IUCN Red List (Nieto and Alexander 2010) with a total of 236 identified specimens and the highest number of 125 individuals captured in the Alnus unmanaged forest (V1).
By comparing the two different techniques used for catching saproxylic beetles, we found a significantly high difference in species richness between Window Traps (WT) and Eclector Traps (ET) with a higher number of species captured in the Window Traps (N = 34; WT = 9.942 ± 1.7; ET = 3.191 ± 3.89; Ttest = -9.357, p < 0.05) (Fig. 3).
By comparing the species richness among the three habitat types (Table 3, Fig. 4) we observed an high difference for the species collected by the windows traps (One–Way ANOVA F2,34 = 5.905; p < 0.01). On the contrary, by considering managed and unmanaged forests instead of habitat types (Table 3, Fig. 5), species richness was significantly higher in unmanaged forests only for those species collected by the eclector traps (T-test: t = 0.371; p < 0.01).
Discussion
Of the 21 families determined, 7 were not included in the previous checklist published in the "Atlas of Biodiversity" (Furlanetto 2002): Cerylonidae, Dryophthoridae, Eucnemidae, Laemophloeidae, Lissomidae, Monotomidae, and Zopheridae. Among these families, we found interesting species such as the EucnemidaeMelasisbuprestoides which is an obligate saproxyilic beetle that develops in broadleaved forests both in the plains and in the mountains (Hůrka 2005) and is reported as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List, 2010). Another interesting species is the AnthribidaeEusphyrusvasconicus which was caught in the Alnus forests of the SCI "Boschi di Vaccarizza" and is rare and has been only recently reported in Italy (Tryzna and Valentine 2011, Cornacchia and Colonelli 2012).
Also, the ElateridaeCalambusbipustulatus is rare for Italy as well as the 4 Ampedus species that are all classified as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List, 2010) and are closely associated with ancient and mature forests (Platia pers. comm.).
It is important to note the presence of other species included as Least Concern in the Red List of the IUCN and never previously found in the Park: the CerambycidaeXylotrechusrusticus, the CetoniidaeValgushemipterus, the ElateridaeLaconpunctatus, the MycetophagidaeMycetophaguspiceus, and the most abundant species of our study area, Litargusconnexus.
Finally, it is interesting to underline the presence of two invasive species captured during the study: CerambycidaeNeoclytusacuminatus (Fabricius, 1775) and Xylotrechusstebbingi (Gahan, 1906). The latter was recently introduced into Italy but now is widely spread throughout Northern and Central Italy.
The period of field collection was planned in detail to provide a long and exclusive season of work to fully cover the reproductive cycle of a large number of beetles.
The combined use of two different types of traps significantly expanded the spectrum of insects capturable. The Eclector Trap caught a lower number of individuals and beetle species compared to Window Traps as is also described by other authors (Okland 1996, Bakke 1999, Schiegg 2000, Ranius and Jansson 2002, Wikars et al. 2005). However, this trapping method is more efficient in catching truly saproxyilic beetles (Alinvi et al. 2007), and the species were collected exactly where they developed.
The Trunk Window Trap captured a large number of insects also coming from the neighboring plots and/or forests. In this case, the site specific differences (i.e: amount of deadwood) disappeared and the differences became more evident at a landscape level such as habitat type.
Very few saproxylic species are listed in the EU Habitat Directive, but there are many others that should be considered in conservation plans for which we haven’t had sufficient information about. The lack of knowledge on the ecology and distribution of these species make it difficult to establish criteria for their protection. Although we didn’t find species listed in the Annexes of the EU Habitat Directive, some of the species found are locally threatened anyway because of their rarity, local distribution, and strong linkage to old forests. Among these species there are the BothrideridaeBothrideresbipunctatus, the CerambycidaePrionuscoriarius and Xylotrechusrusticus, the DryophthoridaeDryophthoruscorticalis, the EucnemidaeNematodesfilum (with only 1 individual captured in Alnus unmanged forest), the HisteridaeAeletesatomarius and Paromalusflavicornis, the LaemophloeidaeCryptolestesduplicatus,, the LatridiidaeEnicmusrugosus and Latridiushirtus, the MycetophagidaeMycetophaguspiceus, and the ZopheridaeColydiumelongatum and Pycnomerusterebrans.
Thus, studies like this are important for increasing the ecological knowledge of forest beetle species and can provide a starting point for implementing management and conservation actions.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Fondazione CARIPLO and the Ticino Park (Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino) for funding our research. Professor Francesco Sartori generously supported part of the research which was carried out inside the Riserva Naturale Integrale Bosco Siro Negri through a fund from the Italian Ministry for the Environment (Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare) and authorized to us to carry out the research within the integral reserve.
We thank all the experts who helped us with beetle determination: Maurizio Pavesi, Michele Zilioli, and Fabrizio Rigato form the Natural History Museum of Milan; Paolo Audisio; Giuseppe Carpaneto; Giuseppe Platia; Gianfranco Salvato; Fabio Penati; Paolo Cornacchia; Enzo Colonnelli; Claudio Canepari; Carlo Pesarini; Wolfgang Rucker. I also thank Nicklas Jansson for his suggestions on saproxilic beetle ecology at the beginning and during this research project.
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The Southern side of the Ticino Valley Natural Park.
Trunk Window Traps (Kaila 1993) and Eclector Traps (Alinvi et al. 2007).
Mean number of saproxylic species captured with Trunk Window Traps and Eclector Traps.
Mean number of saproxylic species captured in the three habitat type with both Trunk Window Traps (dark gray) and Eclector Traps (light gray).
Mean number of saproxylic species captured in the managed and unmanaged forests with both Trunk Windows Traps (dark gray) and Eclector Traps (light gray).
Saproxylic beetle species collected in the SCI “Boschi Siro Negri e Moriano” (number of specimens per taxon).
FAMILY
POPULUS FOREST MANAGED BN1
POPULUS FOREST UNMANAGED BN21
OAK FOREST MANAGED BN5
OAK FOREST UNMANAGED BN10
TOTAL
ALREADY REPORTED IN THE PARK
ANTHRIBIDAE
1
0
2
5
8
Anthribusnebulosus
0
0
1
0
1
X
Phaenotherionfasciculatum
0
0
0
2
2
X
Platystomosalbinus
1
0
1
3
5
BOTHRIDERIDAE
11
2
6
15
34
Bothrideresbipunctatus
11
2
4
6
23
Oxylaemuscylindricus
0
0
2
9
11
CERAMBYCIDAE
47
16
23
19
105
Aegomorphusclavipes
0
5
0
0
5
X
Aegosomascabricorne
7
1
3
7
18
X
Chlorophorusvarius
3
1
0
0
4
X
Clytusarietis
1
0
0
1
2
X
Grammopteraruficornis
0
0
1
0
1
X
Leiopusnebulosus
3
0
1
1
5
X
Mesosanebulosa
0
0
1
0
1
X
Neoclytusacuminatus
0
3
1
0
4
X
Phymatodestestaceus
1
0
0
1
2
X
Pogonocherushispidus
2
0
4
0
6
X
Prionuscoriarius
1
0
3
4
8
X
Pseudovadonialivida
2
0
2
3
7
X
Stenurellamelanura
3
1
4
1
9
X
Strangaliaattenuata
4
0
0
0
4
X
Tetropspraeustus
0
0
1
0
1
X
Xylotrechusantilope
0
0
1
0
1
X
Xylotrechusrusticus
19
2
0
0
21
Xylotrechusstebbingi
1
3
1
1
6
X
CERYLONIDAE
3
2
4
0
9
Cerylonferrugineum
3
2
4
0
9
CETONIIDAE
95
116
31
32
274
Cetoniaaurata
13
2
5
2
22
Oxythyreafunesta
16
2
4
0
22
Potosiacuprea
1
3
0
0
4
Tropinotahirta
1
1
0
0
2
Valgushemipterus
64
108
22
30
224
CURCULIONIDAE
0
1
0
1
2
Phloeophaguslignarius
0
1
0
1
2
DRYOPHTHORIDAE
0
2
1
28
31
Dryophthoruscorticalis
0
2
1
28
31
ELATERIDAE
18
0
6
22
46
Ampeduscinnaberinus
0
0
2
0
2
X
Ampeduspomonae
2
0
0
0
2
X
Ampeduspomorum
3
0
0
3
6
X
Ampedussanguinolentus
11
0
1
0
12
X
Calambusbipustulatus
0
0
0
1
1
Cardiophorusanticus
2
0
1
3
6
Laconpunctatus
0
0
2
2
4
Melanotusvillosus
0
0
0
13
13
X
EROTYLIDAE
10
23
45
4
82
Dacnebipustulata
9
23
39
4
75
Tritomabipustulata
1
0
6
0
7
X
EUCNEMIDAE
1
0
2
4
7
Melasisbuprestoides
1
0
2
4
7
HISTERIDAE
12
40
25
60
137
Aeletesatomarius
2
10
2
2
16
Gnathoncusrotundatus
1
1
0
0
2
Hololeptaplana
0
5
0
0
5
X
Paromalusflavicornis
9
24
23
58
114
LAEMOPHLOEIDAE
22
16
206
15
259
Cryptolestesduplicatus
0
0
1
5
6
Laemophloeusmonilis
1
0
0
0
1
Placonotustestaceus
21
16
205
10
252
LATRIDIIDAE
70
79
526
65
740
Enicmusrugosus
67
57
524
60
708
Latridiushirtus
3
22
2
5
32
LISSOMIDAE
1
5
0
0
6
Drapetesmordelloides
1
5
0
0
6
LUCANIDAE
49
11
7
38
105
Dorcusparallelipipedus
49
11
7
38
105
X
MONOTOMIDAE
34
99
50
315
498
Monotomalongicollis
1
1
0
0
2
Rhizophagusbipustulatus
33
98
50
315
496
MYCETOPHAGIDAE
127
121
122
217
587
Litargusconnexus
101
91
115
211
518
Mycetophaguspiceus
4
3
1
0
8
Mycetophagusquadripustulatus
22
27
6
6
61
X
NITIDULIDAE
13
6
42
53
114
Cryptarchastrigata
0
0
2
0
2
Epuraeaaestiva
1
0
1
1
3
Epuraeaguttata
12
6
39
52
109
SILVANIDAE
40
56
22
21
139
Silvanusbidentatus
2
3
6
4
15
Silvanusunidentatus
28
37
5
4
74
Uleiotaplanatus
10
16
11
13
50
X
TENEBRIONIDAE
11
25
18
12
66
Diaperisboleti
1
0
0
1
2
Hypophloeusbicolor
0
2
0
0
2
Hypophloeusfasciatus
0
0
0
3
3
Platydemaviolaceum
0
1
0
0
1
Scaphidemametallicum
0
0
4
0
4
Stenomaxaeneus
0
21
0
3
24
X
Ulomaculinaris
10
1
14
5
30
X
ZOPHERIDAE
14
58
4
16
92
Bitomacrenata
11
20
1
0
32
X
Colobicushirtus
0
1
1
0
2
Colydiumelongatum
0
1
1
5
7
Endophloeusmarcovichianus
2
0
0
0
2
Pycnomerusterebrans
0
0
0
7
7
Rhopalocerusrondanii
0
36
1
3
40
Synchitahumeralis
1
0
0
1
2
TOTAL
579
676
1141
914
3310
Saproxylic beetle species collected in the SCI “Boschi di Vaccarizza” (number of specimens per taxon).
FAMILY
ALDER FOREST UNMANAGED V1
ALDER FOREST MANAGED V2
TOTAL
ALREADY REPORTED IN THE PARK
ANTHRIBIDAE
15
7
22
Eusphyrusvasconicus
12
5
17
Platystomosalbinus
3
2
5
BOTHRIDERIDAE
3
2
5
Bothrideresbipunctatus
3
2
5
CERAMBYCIDAE
13
10
23
Aegosomascabricorne
3
4
7
X
Cerambyxscopolii
0
1
1
X
Grammopteraruficornis
0
2
2
X
Leiopusnebulosus
0
3
3
X
Lepturaaurulenta
1
0
1
X
Morimusasper
4
0
4
X
Pogonocherushispidus
2
0
2
X
Stenurellamelanura
1
0
1
X
Stictolepturacordigera
1
0
1
X
Xylotrechusstebbingi
1
0
1
X
CETONIIDAE
23
18
41
Cetoniaaurata
1
3
4
Valgushemipterus
22
15
37
ELATERIDAE
10
6
16
Ampeduspomonae
1
0
1
X
Ampeduspomorum
2
2
4
X
Ampedussanguinolentus
0
1
1
X
Cardiophorusanticus
3
0
3
Laconpunctatus
4
3
7
EROTYLIDAE
1
1
2
Dacnebipustulata
1
1
2
EUCNEMIDAE
2
2
4
Melasisbuprestoides
1
2
3
Nematodesfilum
1
0
1
HISTERIDAE
66
97
163
Aeletesatomarius
1
0
1
Paromalusflavicornis
58
93
151
Platylomaluscomplanatus
7
4
11
LAEMOPHLOEIDAE
20
21
41
Placonotustestaceus
20
21
41
LATRIDIIDAE
51
63
114
Enicmusrugosus
43
57
100
Latridiushirtus
8
6
14
LUCANIDAE
77
60
137
Dorcusparallelipipedus
77
60
137
X
MONOTOMIDAE
52
48
100
Rhizophagusbipustulatus
52
48
100
MYCETOPHAGIDAE
127
111
238
Litargusconnexus
125
111
236
Mycetophagusquadripustulatus
2
0
2
X
NITIDULIDAE
7
5
12
Epuraeaaestiva
1
0
1
Epuraeaguttata
3
5
8
Epuraeamarseuli
3
0
3
SILVANIDAE
55
11
66
Silvanusbidentatus
5
2
7
Silvanusunidentatus
27
5
32
Uleiotaplanatus
23
4
27
X
TENEBRIONIDAE
39
38
77
Hypophloeusbicolor
0
3
3
Hypophloeusunicolor
3
26
29
Scaphidemametallicum
2
4
6
Stenomaxaeneus
16
2
18
X
Ulomaculinaris
18
3
21
X
ZOPHERIDAE
3
13
16
Colydiumelongatum
0
13
13
Pycnomerusterebrans
1
0
1
Synchitahumeralis
2
0
2
TOTAL
564
513
1077
Difference in species richness among the three habitat type and between managed and unmanaged forests. Table shows the mean number of saproxylic species collected using both Eclector and Trunk Windows Traps. (** p < 0.01)