Corresponding author: Jukka Salmela (
Academic editor: Vladimir Blagoderov.
New faunistic data on fungus gnats (
Fungus gnats or mycetophilids (
Regional checklists have been recently compiled and updated for Sweden (
A list of Finnish fungus gnats was provided by W. Hackman (
The Russian Karelian fungus gnat fauna was thoroughly treated by Polevoi (
In this paper we list a total of 64 and 34 species new to the Finnish and Russian Karelian fauna, respectively; 10 of these species are also reported for the first time from Europe. We also report other noteworthy findings of fungus gnat species made by the authors in Finland and Russia (Murmansk Region and Russian Karelia). A total of 131 fungus gnat species are treated. These additions raise the total number of fungus gnat species recorded from Finland and Russian Karelia to 768 and 676 species, respectively.
The majority of the material presented here was collected by using Malaise traps (Fig.
The arrangement of the treated species follows
Extended depth of field photos displaying male terminalia were taken using an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope attached to an Olympus E520 digital camera. Digital photos were captured and combined using the programmes Deep Focus 3.1 and Quick PHOTO CAMERA 2.3.
Asterisks after species names correspond to: * – new to Finland, ** – new to the Republic of Karelia and *** – new to Europe. Red List acronyms given here follow IUCN categories: DD = Data Deficient, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened.
Palaearctic, besides Europe recorded from Caucasus and West Siberia (
Larvae develop in rotten wood, feeding on the mycelia that it contains. The species has been reared from larvae found in rotten wood of deciduous trees only: beech (
Red-listed in Norway (VU,
European.
All collecting records of adults are from broadleaved forests, with the exception of Russian Karelia which lies entirely in the boreal forest zone. The Russian Karelian sites are spruce dominated forests with a high proportion of aspen (
Red-listed in Finland (VU,
Holarctic, widely distributed in Europe (
New records from Lapland are mainly from calcareous spring fens and rich fens, but also from headwater streams with rich riparian vegetation. In the light of these new records
Red-listed in Finland (NT,
Palaearctic.
The type material was reared from larvae found on mycelium in a decaying poplar (
Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Europe. Many of the older records were made as
Finnish records are from rich spring fens and headwater streams surrounded by coniferous forests. Karelian specimens were collected in riparian habitats of the White Sea. Immature stages are unknown. Generally,
European, mainly nemoral, recorded from Ireland, Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic and Estonia (
The Finnish record is from a herb-rich, spruce dominated forest site adjacent to a sea gulf and a wet meadow with moist black alder stands. Huge willows (
Due to the ambiguous occurrence data, the species was not included in the 2010 Red List of Finnish species. However, it is likely that
European.
The collecting locality in Kittilä is a large aapamire (see Fig.
Red-listed in Finland (NT,
European. Very poorly known species, described from Switzerland, Leuk (
Finnish localities are headwater streams with luxuriant riparian vegetation surrounded by coniferous forests. One of the sites (Törmäoja, Ahot) is a treeless, sloping meadow with short herbs and grasses on a moraine soil. Immature stages are unknown. The related species,
European. Known from England, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden (
Immature stages are unknown. Linnansaari (south boreal zone) is a lush semi-dry herb-rich forest with human influence (most likely former slash-and-burn forest) where aspen is in many parts the dominant tree species with lime, birch and spruce. Collecting site in Salla (north boreal zone) is a luxuriant headwater stream with swampy margings, surrounded by pristine spruce forest.
Red-listed in Finland (DD,
Fennoscandian. The species is previously known only from the type locality in northern Sweden (Lule Lapmark,
Nothing is known of the
life histories of
European, known only in northern Britain (Scotland and northern England), France, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands (
Finnish localities are two close lying trapping sites in a river valley surrounded by a strip of mountain birch forest in the northernmost Lapland (Fig.
Palaearctic.
Reared from soil and dead coniferous wood. Finnish collecting sites are old-growth spruce dominated forests situated in the south boreal vegetation zone.
Threatened fungus gnat species in Finland (VU,
Palaearctic. In Europe recorded from the British Isles, Central and northern Europe (
Reared from a tussock of
Palaearctic. Described from Finland (
The species is very rare. There are only four Finnish records, one of these was made more than a hundred years ago (
Red-listed in Finland (NT,
European. A rare species described from Leningrad Region in northwest Russia (
Finnish collecting localities are a herb-rich coniferous forest with a large proportion of birch and aspen in the southeastern Finland (Rantasalmi) and a sub-arctic mountain birch (
Red-listed in Finland (NT,
European. Very rare and poorly known species, so far recorded from South Finland, Denmark and Great Britain (
Red-listed in Finland (VU,
European. Very rare species, hitherto recorded only from Great Britain, Finland (
Mostly likely a wetland-dwelling species. Reared from sedge (
Red-listed in Norway (VU,
European. Rare species known by few records from Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Estonia, Norway and Finland (
New records from Russian Karelia (Paleostrov Island) and Finland (Lahti) are from herb-rich old-growth forests on fertile soil close to lake shores. Immature stages are unknown.
Holarctic. In Europe a boreo-montane species (
Poorly known species. Finnish collecting sites are an old-growth boreal forest (Kainuu,
Palaearctic. Rare species known by few records from the European Alps, Yakutia and Amur Province (
The Karelian specimen was collected in
Holarctic. Recorded from northern regions of Europe and North America (
Collected in
Holarctic. In Europe perhaps a boreo-montane species (
New records from Savukoski are from headwater streams with rich riparian vegetation surrounded by coniferous forests. One of the sites (Törmäoja, Ahot) is a sloping meadow with short herbs and grasses on a moraine soil. Immature stages are unknown.
Holarctic. Described from the USA and Canada (
The Finnish collecting sites are headwater streams surrounded by old-growth boreal, spruce dominated forests in Lapland. Immature stages are unknown.
Holarctic.
Poorly known species, immature stages are unknown. The Finnish collecting site is a diverse black alder (
Palaearctic. A very rare species known so far only from Russia (Leningrad oblast and Russian Far East) and from Latvia (
The only Finnish sampling site is an old, managed swampy forest in southern Finland. Immature stages are unknown.
Holarctic. The description of
Extremely poorly known species. Finnish collecting sites are headwater streams with rich riparian vegetation, surrounded by coniferous forests. Immature stages are unknown.
European. Known from northern Europe, Estonia, Austria, Germany and NW Russia (
The species is most likely associated with peatlands (
Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Central Europe, Mediterranean countries (Spain, Italy, Malta) and found also in Israel, the Near East (
Larvae are saproxylic. They develop on the surface of dead wood impregnated with fungal mycelium (
Threatened species in Finland (VU,
Holarctic. Hitherto only known from North America (USA,
Both collecting sites are pristine north boreal aapamires; Nunaravuoma is a poor sedge fen and Kielisenpalo a rich spring fen. Immature stages are unknown.
European. Rather wide range in Central Europe (
The life history of
European. Recorded from Central and northern Europe (
Finnish collecting localities are aapamires and old-growth boreal forests. In Russian Karelia found only in the intact forest area in Paanajärvi National Park (
Threatened species in Finland (VU,
A rare European species. Besides Britain the species was recorded only from Northern Europe: Finland (
Although the species is very rarely caught, the available records suggest that the species could be restricted to pristine forests. New findings from Russian Karelia are from herb-rich spruce dominated forest on the SE shore of Lake Ladoga. The sampling locality in SW Lapland (Ylitornio) is a spruce mire dominated by
Red-listed in Finland (EN,
Palaearctic. The species is known from the Far East and European parts of Russia (
Larvae are associated with wood-decaying fungi (
Red-listed in Norway (DD,
European. Extremely rare species (Fig.
The Karelian specimen was collected in
Plassmann's original figure of male genitalia is sketchy, however the study of the holotype (Sweden, Abisko) confirmed identity of Karelian and Swedish speciemens.
Holarctic. Described from North America, based on material collected from Canada (Quebec, British Columbia) and USA (Alaska) (
The collecting site is a calcareous, open spring fen, ca. 100 m from a forest edge. Immature stages are unknown.
European. Described from Great Britain (
Finnish collecting sites are a luxurious old-growth coniferous forest (Ikaalinen) in central Finland, a mountain birch forest with rich vegetation (Saana) and a subarctic stream valley surrounded by a strip of mountain birch forest (Galddasjohka). Immature stages are unknown.
The species appears to have an Arctic distribution. Described from Novaya Zemlya archipelago, Matotschkin Sharr (
Finnish collecting sites are a mountain birch forest with herb-rich vegetation (Saana fell) and a luxuriant headwater stream surrounded by an old-growth coniferous forest with a mixture of deciduous trees (Törmäoja). Immature stages are unknown.
European, possibly boreal–mountainous. The species was described from the Italian Alps (
Collecting site in Törmäoja is a stream valley with seepages and young deciduous forest. Slopes nearby are coniferous stands dominated by
The species was red-listed in Finland (EN,
European. Widely distributed in Europe (
The species lives as larvae in caves and rock crevices, on the walls, in slimy tubes, pupae are free hanging (
Palaearctic.
Finnish collecting sites are a headwater stream with luxuriant riparian vegetation, surrounded by coniferous forest (Joutenoja), and aapamires (sites in Kittilä). Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic.
The species is rather numerous in Malaise trap cathces collected from Finnish Lapland in June, less so during July. One of the most common fungus gnats in riparian woodlands and aapamires. Larval ecology is unknown.
Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Europe (
Recently collected Finnish material is from riparian forests, boreal forests and mountain birch forests. Immature stages are unknown.
European. Widely distributed in Europe (
Due to the scarcity of records until the 2010 Red List assessment, the species was considered to be rather rare in Finland. However, the species was obviously overlooked due to its mire-dwelling ecology.
European. So far was known only from the type locality in Finland (
The Karelian specimen was collected in herb-rich aspen dominated forest. Immature stages are unknown.
Holarctic.
New Finnish records are mainly from aapamires, including both poor and rich fens. Some of the specimens were taken from the vicinity of running water. Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic.
Collected from fens (an intermediate rich flark fen and a rich spring fen) and in the vicinity of a headwater stream. Immature stages are unknown.
See
European. Described from Russian Karelia and northern Finland (
In Fennoscandia it is a characteristic species of old-growth boreal forests. In Scotland recorded from wet native woodland (
Red-listed in Finland (VU,
Palaearctic. Described from the Jamal Peninsula (
Karelian specimens were collected in mixed forests and adjacent meadows (
Palaearctic, described from Kuril Islands (
Immature stages are unknown. Adults have been collected around lotic waters in a subarctic fell area (Utsjoki) and the coniferous zone (Savukoski), and also from mountain birch forests in Finland and Murmansk region (
European. A rare species recorded from France (
Finnish collecting sites in Lapland are a rich fen (Kittilä) and riparian forests (Savukoski). Karelian specimens were collected in secondary
Fennoscandian.
Finnish sampling localities are a headwater stream surrounded by boreal forest and a swampy meadow with
European. The species was described from Spitsbergen (
The Karelian specimen was collected in
Fennoscandian. The type material originates from Northwest Russia: Murmansk Region (holotype) and Karelia (paratype), recorded as
Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic, known from Russia (West Siberia, NW Russia), Finland, Norway, Sweden and Italy (
In Finland, the species has been collected in tens of sites, mostly in old-growth coniferous forests, also in ordinary clear-cuts and clear-cuts with retention trees treated with prescribed burning. Collected from a decaying aspen tree by using an eclector trap in Finland (as
Palaearctic.
Finnish collecting localities are characterized by small lotic waters surrounded by pristine or seminatural boreal forests. Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic.
Finnish collecting sites are mainly coniferous forests around lotic waters, also caught from a subarctic mountain birch forest and from a rich fen. Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic. The species was described from Japan (
The trapping site in Sodankylä is a headwater stream surrounded by coniferous forest. In NW Russia collected mainly in secondary deciduous and mixed forests but also in mountain scrub. Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic. Known from Austria (
Finnish collecting sites are old-growth boreal forests and a headwater stream surrounded by seminatural boreal forest. The Karelian specimen was collected in
Red-listed in Norway (NT,
Palaearctic.
Finnish sampling localities are riparian forests and a rich fen. Immature stages are unknown.
Red-listed in Norway (VU,
Holarctic.
Finnish sampling sites are headwater streams surrounded by boreal forests, a mountain birch forest and a rich spruce mire. Immature stages are unknown.
European. Widely distributed (
The Karelian specimen was collected in a black alder fen. Immature stages are unknown.
Fennoscandian species, only known from Sweden (
All Finnish collecting sites are wetlands, in a wide sense. The species is apparently quite common on rich fens in central Lapland (Kittilä) and it was very numerous on the shores of Lake Matalajärvi, Espoo (hemiboreal zone).
Red-listed in Norway (DD,
European. The species was known from the type locality in Central Russia (
The Karelian specimen was collected in
Red-listed in Norway (NT,
European, wide range in Europe (
Immature stages are unknown, but adults have been reared from moss patches and exposed forest soil in Norway (
Fennoscandian. Only known from Finland (
The Karelian specimen was collected in moist sprucedominated forest. Saproxylic, reared from a rotting pine log (
Red-listed in Finland (VU,
European. Known from Czech Republic, Slovakia (
The only Finnish record is from a herb-rich old-growth forest in the hemiboreal zone. Immature stages are unknown. Generally,
European species, known from Central Europe, British Isles (
The collecting site in Savukoski (Fig.
European, known from central and western Europe (
Collected from a herb-rich forest. Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic.
Current knowledge based on a few findings suggests a northern distribution. Finnish records are from subarctic mountain birch forest on the slopes of Saana mountain, from old-growth coniferous stands close to the timberline (Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park) and from riparian forests (Savukoski). Immature stages are unknown.
It was recently noted that
European. Described recently from Czech Republic and Italy (
Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic. The species was described from Siberia, Buryatia (
Collected from seminatural or old-growth boreal forests, larvae are associated with saproxylic fungi (
Red-listed in Finland (VU,
Palaearctic.
Larvae are saproxylic, apparently feeding on mycelia in decaying wood (
European. A rare and poorly known species, so far only known from the Netherlands (
Finnish sampling locality is a swampy lake shore with luxuriant vegetation. Collecting sites reported by Chandler (
Red-listed in Norway (VU,
European. This species was known only from type locality in Czech Republic (
Immature stages of this rare species are unknown. Generally,
Fennoscandian.
Immature stages are unknown.
European, known from Finland (as
Collected in
European. The species was described from Czech Republic (
Sampling sites are a headwater stream and a swampy lake shore. Immature stages are unknown. Related species
Palaearctic. Known from European and Asian parts of Russia (
Immature stages are unknown. The larval microhabitats of
European. Described from Great Britain (
In Britain the species is associated with wet meadows and peatlands (
Holarctic, known from arctic Russia (Kanin Peninsula, as
Finnish sampling localities are headwater streams surrounded by pristine or seminatural boreal forests. Immature stages are unknown. In their larval habitats,
Palaearctic. Rather widespread in Europe (
Immature stages are unknown. Finnish collecting sites are located in Lapland, Savukoski (north boreal zone, riparian forest) and Kilpisjärvi (subarctic zone, mountain birch forest).
Palaearctic. Described from Western Siberia (
In Finland collected from swamps, herb-rich forests and from a subarctic mountain birch forest. Immature stages are unknown.
Included in the Finnish Red List (DD,
Palaearctic. Described from Mongolia (
Immature stages are unknown. The Finnish collecting site is a swampy shore of a shallow, eutrophic lake.
Holarctic. The species was described from England and Nearctic non-type material studied by Zaitzev (
Immature stages are unknown. The British type specimens, five males, were taken from honey dew (
Holarctic. Known from eastern Siberia (Lena River, holotype), USA (Coeur d'Alene, paratype) (
Finnish collecting sites are an abandoned field (
Palaearctic. Described from Hungary (as
The Finnish sampling locality is a herb-rich forest. Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Europe (
Immature stages are unknown. Finnish collecting sites are a mountain birch forest, an old-growth boreal forest and a herb-rich forest.
European. This species was recently reinstated as separate from
Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic. Described from Mongolia (
Immature stages are unknown. Mainly collected from northern areas. This species was recorded as widespread and common in Iceland (
Palaearctic. Scattered records from Europe and Altai (
Immature stages are unknown. The Karelian specimen was collected in a herb-richbirch dominated forest.
Palaearctic. Widely distributed (
Most of the specimens were collected in coniferous forests. Immature stages are unknown. The host range of
Red-listed in Finland (NT,
Palaearctic, rather widely distributed in Europe (
Immature stages are unknown, hibernating adults have been observed in caves in Norway (
Red-listed (NT) in Finland (
Palaearctic. Widespread in western Europe (
The Karelian specimen was collected in
Holarctic. Widely distributed in Europe, in Fennoscandia known from Sweden (
Immature stages are unknown, but several British collecting localities are wetlands (
Palaearctic. Described from West Siberia and Russian Far East (
Immature stages are unknown. All existing rearing records of
European. Very rare species, described from France (as
Immature stages are unknown. Based on the ecology of related genera, the larvae of
Red-listed in Finland (VU,
European. Recorded so far only from NW Russia (
Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Europe (
The Karelian specimen was collected in herb-rich spruce dominated forest. The larvae of
Palaearctic. The species is known from Central and eastern Europe (
Finnish records are invariably from
Red-listed in Finland (NT,
European. Known from central and northern Europe (
Karelian specimens were collected in
Described from Czech Republic (
Karelian specimens were collected in
Holarctic.
In the British Isles the species is associated with wet woodlands and bogs, suggesting that it may develop on decaying herbaceous vegetation, rather than dead wood, unlike the related species,
Red-listed in Norway (VU,
European. Rare species distributed in Central Europe (
Collected in
Palaearctic. Described from West Siberia (
The Karelian specimen was collected in
European. Description of the species was based on material collected from Sweden, Estonia and Slovakia (
Immature stages are unknown. The Finnish sampling site is a headwater stream valley surrounded by old-growth boreal forest.
Holarctic. In Europe recorded mainly from western, northern and central Europe (
Larvae are associated with fruiting bodies of a saproxylic bracket fungi:
Red-listed in Finland (VU,
Palaearctic, rather wide range in Europe (
The Finnish collecting site is a herb-rich forest in the south boreal zone. Immature stages are unknown. Generally,
Red-listed in Norway (VU,
European. The species was described from Bulgaria (
Collected in
European.
Finnish specimens were collected in wood-storage areas in the city parks of Helsinki. Probably a saproxylic species, reared by Ševčík (
Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Europe and East Palaearctic (
Karelian specimens were collected in
Palaearctic. The species was described from Russia (European part and Far East,
In Sweden collected from a mixed forest (
Palaearctic. Scattered records in Europe and East Russia (
Collected in
Palaearctic. The species was recently described from West Siberia (
Apparently a forest-dwelling, boreal species. The Finnish sampling site is a headwater stream surrounded by an old-growth spruce forest. Immature stages are unknown.
European. Described from Vologda Province in Russia (
Collected in
Palaearctic. Described from France (
Immature stages are unknown. The Finnish collecting site is a herb-rich forest dominated by aspen and spruce.
Red-listed in Norway (VU,
Holarctic. The species was described from USA (
Larvae are associated with wood-decaying polyporous fungi,
Red-listed in Norway (DD,
European. The species was described from Germany (
The Finnish sampling site is a herb-rich forest characterized by old oak trees. Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic. Rare species which was known for a long time only from the type locality, Ukraine (
Collected in
European. The species was described from the British Isles (
Reared from decaying logs
Red-listed in Norway (DD,
Palaearctic. Scattered records from Europe and West Siberia (
The Karelian specimens were collected in secondary
Palaearctic. The species was known only from the type locality in West Siberia, Tomsk Province (
Karelian specimens were collected in
European. The species was described from NE Finland, Kuusamo, Jäkälävuoma (
Collected from old-growth boreal forests. Immature stages are unknown. Larvae of
Red-listed (NT) in Finland (
Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Europe (
Collected in herb-rich spruce dominated forest. Larvae are associated with dead wood and wood-growing fungi. Reared from
Palaearctic. Widely disributed in Europe and East Russia (
The Karelian specimens were collected in
Red-listed in Finland, presumed to occur in herb-rich forests (VU,
European. This very rare species was only known from the Austrian type material (
The Finnish sampling locality is a mountain birch forest in NW Lapland. Immature stages are unknown.
Palaearctic. Widely distributed in Europe and East Russia (
The Karelian specimens were collected in
European. Described from Great Britain (
The only Finnish sampling locality is a herb-rich forest. Reared from
Included in the Red List of Finnish species (NT,
Holarctic. Described from North America (
Finnish collecting sites are old-growth boreal forests, mountain birch forests and a riparian forest. Immature stages are unknown.
Red-listed in Norway (DD,
Palaearctic. The species was described from West Siberia, Kutznetskyi Alatau Nature Reserve, based on a holotype male (
The holotype male was collected from a swamp (
Palaearctic. Recorded from Austria and Switzerland (
The Karelian specimens were collected in mixed and aspen dominated deciduous forests. In Finland the species was reared from a decaying spruce log bearing polypore fungus
This species is closely related to widely distributed
We thank all persons who have helped us with the collecting of fungus gnat material from eastern Fennoscandia. Matti Mäkilä (Rovaniemi) and Matti Siipola (Rovaniemi) were instrumental in data processing. Yulia Maximova (Tomsk) commented our identification
JJ, JS and AP wrote the manuscript. All authors were involved in the identification of the studied material. JS took the stacked photos.
Malaise trapping of forest dwelling insects in Karkali Strict Nature Reserve (Finland, Karjalohja, hemiboreal zone). This nature reserve is one of the most famous Finnish herb-rich forests, harbouring fungus gnat species such as
Habitus, lateral view.
Habitus, dorsal view.
Male hypopgium, tergal view. Arrow points to the apex of sinuous style bearing a dense cluster of hairs.
Male hypopygium, sternal view.
Malaise trapping sites from Finnish Lapland.
Tornio, Rakanjänkkä, rich spring fen, dominated by brown mosses such as
Sodankylä, Pomokaira, Kaita-aapa, aapamire, intermediate rich flark fen. Moss flora characterized by
Savukoski, Joutenoja, headwater stream surrounded by boreal mixed forest. Meadow is dominated by
Sodankylä, Heinäaapa, rich spring fen, dominated by mosses
Utsjoki, Kaldoaivi, Galddasjohka. A diverse headwater stream with luxuriant riparian vegetation. The surroundigns are open fell areas, but a narrow strip of mountain birch (
Sodankylä, Pomokaira, Paistipuolet NW, poor sloping fen surrounded by spruce mire. Characterized by large sedges (
Male hypopygium, 9th tergite (left, dorsal view) and sternal synsclerite (right, ventro-lateral view).
Male hypopygium, gonostylus.
Habitus, lateral view.
Habitus, frontal view.
Male hypopygium, dorsal view.
Male hypopygium, lateral view (9th tergite removed).
Sternal synsclerite, ventral view.
Sternal synsclerite and parameres, dorsal view.
Male hypopygium, dorsal view.
Male hypopygium, ventral view.
Gonostylus, lateral view.
9th tergite, dorsal view.
Male hypopygium, 9th tergite (top, dorsal view) and cerci (ventral view).
Male hypopygium, 9th tergite (ventral view).