Biodiversity Data Journal Biodiversity Data Journal Biodiversity Data Journal BDJ 1314-2836 1314-2828 Pensoft Publishers Biodiversity Data Journal 10.3897/BDJ.1.e957 2635 Paradoxosomatidae Systematics Sri Lanka Malaysia Philippines The millipede family Paradoxosomatidae in the Philippines, with a description of Eustrongylosoma penevi sp.n., and notes on Anoplodesmus anthracinus Pocock, 1895, recorded in Malaysia and Sri Lanka for the first time (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) Golovatch Sergei Dr sgolovatch@yandex.ru 1 Stoev Pavel Dr projects@pensoft.net 2 3 Institute for Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Bulgaria

Corresponding author: Pavel Stoev (projects@pensoft.net).

Academic editor:

2013 16 9 2013 1 e957 26 7 2013 9 8 2013 Sergei Golovatch, Pavel Stoev This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

The Philippine fauna of the family Paradoxosomatidae is reviewed and shown to comprise only 12 certain species (+ one dubious), definitely only a fraction of the real diversity to be expected from such a large tropical archipelago. Two new combinations are proposed: Euphyodesmus philippina (Nguyen Duc & Sierwald, 2010), comb. n. ex Desmoxytes Chamberlin, 1923, and Luzonomorpha polilloensis (San Juan & Lit, 2010), comb. n. ex Prionopeltis Pocock, 1895. The first representative of the large, basically Papuan genus Eustrongylosoma Silvestri, 1896 is described from Luzon, Philippines: Eustrongylosoma penevi sp. n. It differs from the other congeners in certain details of gonopod structure, as well as by the particularly long legs. Based on a restudy of the types of Strongylosoma luzoniense Peters, 1864, from Luzon, the species is shown to be a new senior subjective synonym of Helicorthomorpha orthogona (Silvestri, 1898), syn. n. This formally results also in Helicorthomorpha luzoniensis (Peters, 1864), comb. n. Anoplodesmus anthracinus Pocock, 1895 is illustrated and briefly redescribed, based on material from State Pulau Penang, Malaysia, which represents the first formal record of the species in that country. This species is also new to the fauna of Sri Lanka. A review of the Anoplodesmus species reported from Sri Lanka, nearly all of them dubious, is presented.

Millipedes checklist Luzon State Pulau Penang new species new record
Introduction

The family Paradoxosomatidae is one of the largest and the most diverse in Diplopoda, and it has long been known to dominate the fauna of the Indo-Australian region (Jeekel 1968). However, only very few paradoxosomatid species have hitherto been recorded in the Philippines. Among them is an unidentified species of the large, mostly Papuan genus Eustrongylosoma Silvestri, 1896, reported by Hoffman (1978) from Mindanao. The present paper reviews and updates the paradoxosomatid fauna of the Philippines, including a description of the first Philippine Eustrongylosoma. The checklist presented below is highly condensed and skeletal on purpose, because a complete catalogue of the Diplopoda of the Philippines is in preparation (Korsós, pers. comm.). Here we also provide descriptive notes on the Southeast Asian species Anoplodesmus anthracinus Pocock, 1895, hitherto known only from Myanmar, but currently found in Malaysia and Sri Lanka as well.

Most of the material is housed in the collection of Diplopoda of the National Museum of Natural History, Sofia (NMNHS), with only a single paratype of Eustrongylosoma penevi sp. n. donated to the Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Russia (ZMUM), as indicated hereafter.

Taxon treatments Rank: Species Type of treatment: New taxon extant Habitat: terrestrial Root classification: 8 Eustrongylosoma penevi urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3A600B5D-4791-44CE-AC7C-89BF768789D9 Golovatch & Stoev, 2013 sp. n. Materials

Occurrence: recordedBy: P. Stoev & L. Penev; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: island: Luzon Island; country: Philippines; stateProvince: Mountain Province; verbatimLocality: Mt Polis Checkpoint on the road Banaue – Sagada; verbatimElevation: 1800-1900 m; locationRemarks: under stones and logs; verbatimLatitude: 16°57\'58"N; verbatimLongitude: 121°1\'37"E; Event: eventDate: 6 July 2012; Record Level: institutionCode: NMNHS

Occurrence: recordedBy: P. Stoev & L. Penev; individualCount: 4; sex: male; Location: island: Luzon Island; country: Philippines; stateProvince: Mountain Province; verbatimLocality: Mt Polis Checkpoint on the road Banaue – Sagada; verbatimElevation: 1800-1900 m; locationRemarks: under stones and logs; verbatimLatitude: 16°57\'58"N; verbatimLongitude: 121°1\'37"E; Event: eventDate: 6 July 2012; Record Level: institutionCode: NMNHS

Occurrence: recordedBy: P. Stoev & L. Penev; individualCount: 1; sex: female; Location: island: Luzon Island; country: Philippines; stateProvince: Mountain Province; verbatimLocality: Mt Polis Checkpoint on the road Banaue – Sagada; verbatimElevation: 1800-1900 m; locationRemarks: under stones and logs; verbatimLatitude: 16°57\'58"N; verbatimLongitude: 121°1\'37"E; Event: eventDate: 6 July 2012; Record Level: institutionCode: NMNHS

Occurrence: recordedBy: P. Stoev & L. Penev; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: juvenile; Location: island: Luzon Island; country: Philippines; stateProvince: Mountain Province; verbatimLocality: Mt Polis Checkpoint on the road Banaue – Sagada; verbatimElevation: 1800-1900 m; locationRemarks: under stones and logs; verbatimLatitude: 16°57\'58"N; verbatimLongitude: 121°1\'37"E; Event: eventDate: 6 July 2012; Record Level: institutionCode: NMNHS

Occurrence: recordedBy: P. Stoev & L. Penev; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: island: Luzon Island; country: Philippines; stateProvince: Mountain Province; verbatimLocality: Mt Polis Checkpoint on the road Banaue – Sagada; verbatimElevation: 1800-1900 m; locationRemarks: under stones and logs; verbatimLatitude: 16°57\'58"N; verbatimLongitude: 121°1\'37"E; Event: eventDate: 6 July 2012; Record Level: institutionCode: ZMUM

Description

Length 18-22 (♂) or 23 mm (♀), width of midbody pro- and metazona 1.1-1.3 and 1.5-1.7 mm (♂), or 1.9 and 2.1 mm (♀), respectively. Holotype ca 22 mm long, width of pro- and metazona 1.3 and 1.6 mm, respectively. Coloration black to light grey-brown (Fig. 1a). Pattern mostly cingulate due to a large light grey band on prozona dorsally in front of stricture extending down until level of paraterga (Fig. 1a, b). Legs light grey-brown. Antennae increasingly infuscate distad, from light brown to blackish (Fig. 1a).

Body submoniliform. Antennomeres 2 to 6 subequal in length, antennae rather short, reaching behind segment 3 (♂) or 2 (♀) when stretched dorsally. Tegument generally smooth and shining. In width, segments 2 and 3 < collum = 4 < 5-17, thereafter body gently tapering towards telson. Paraterga (Fig. 1b, c, d) modestly developed, keel-shaped, set low (at about 1/3rd of metazonal height), thinner in poreless, thicker in pore-bearing, segments, slightly reaching behind tergal margin only in segments 2 and 17-19, mostly slightly pointed, delimited by a complete and deep sulcus only dorsally, ventral sulcus being incomplete, developed only in posterior quarter to 1/5th extent. Head densely setose on clypeus and frons, bare on vertex. Collum semilunar, bearing two transverse rows of 2+2 setae, one row along front margin, second row in the middle; lateral edges broadly rounded. Metaterga faintly rugulose, a little more clearly so in postsulcus halves, surface below paraterga microgranular in segments 2-7. Tergal setae rather long, about 1/5th of metatergal length, arranged in two rows of 2+2 in each, one in front of, second behind sulcus. Sulcus starting from segment 5, deep, almost reaching the bases of paraterga. Stricture between pro- and metazona finely and densely ribbed. Ozopores lying close to caudal end of paraterga in a shallow ovoid groove, lateral, only partly visible from above. Pleurosternal carinae poorly developed ridges visible only in segments 2-4. Seta at about midway of each paratergum mostly broken off. Axial line wanting. Epiproct (Fig. 2a) subtruncate, pre-apical lateral papillae small. Hypoproct (Fig. 2b) semi-circular. Sternal lobe between coxae 4 subtrapeziform, densely setose (Fig. 2c). Legs very long and slender, about 2.0 (♂) or 1.3 (♀) times as long as midbody height; ♂ tarsal brushes traceable until about legs of segment 15, thereafter thinning out.

Gonopods rather simple (Fig. 2d, e, f): coxite long, subcylindrical, bare; prefemoral portion small, about 1/3rd as long as femorite, the latter slender, ventral lobe somewhat better developed than dorsal one, apicolateral lobe (l) rounded, well developed, with a long transverse spine (s) at base. Solenophore subcircular, with a subterminal lobule.

Diagnosis

Most similar to Eustrongylosoma exiguum Hoffman, 1978, from Papua New Guinea, and Eustrongylosoma kuekenthali (Attems, 1897), from Borneo and Sulawesi, sharing the presence of a prominent distal spine on the gonopod femorite. Different from all congeners by the transverse orientation of the spine and noticeably long legs in the male (Hoffman 1978, Golovatch 1997).

Etymology

Honours our good friend and colleague Lyubomir Penev, biologist and founder of the Biodiversity Data Journal and Pensoft Publishers. <br/>

Notes

The species is hitherto known only from its type locality, Mt Polis Checkpoint on the road Banaue – Sagada (Fig. 3), where it was found close to a human settlement, under wooden plates and logs (Fig. 4).

Rank: Species Type of treatment: Redescription or species observation extant Habitat: terrestrial Root classification: 8 Anoplodesmus anthracinus Pocock, 1895 Materials

Occurrence: recordedBy: P. Stoev & L. Penev; individualCount: 1; sex: male; behavior: copulation observed; Location: higherGeography: Malay Peninsula; country: Malaysia; stateProvince: State Pulau Penang; verbatimLocality: Station MARDI Seberang Perai; locationRemarks: agriculture area, in close proximity to experimental rice fields, under wooden board; verbatimLatitude: 5°32\'24\'\'N; verbatimLongitude: 100°28\'11\'\'E; Event: eventDate: 15 June 2011; Record Level: institutionCode: NMNHS

Occurrence: recordedBy: P. Stoev & L. Penev; individualCount: 2; sex: females; behavior: copulation observed; Location: higherGeography: Malay Peninsula; country: Malaysia; stateProvince: State Pulau Penang; verbatimLocality: Station MARDI Seberang Perai; locationRemarks: agriculture area, in close proximity to experimental rice fields, under wooden board; verbatimLatitude: 5°32\'24\'\'N; verbatimLongitude: 100°28\'11\'\'E; Event: eventDate: 15 June 2011; Record Level: institutionCode: NMNHS

Occurrence: recordedBy: I. Melnik; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Sri Lanka; stateProvince: Sabaragamuwa Prov.; verbatimLocality: Millenium Foundation Orphanage; verbatimElevation: 90 m; verbatimLatitude: 7°16\'40"N; verbatimLongitude: 80°23\'12"E; Event: eventDate: 19-22.XII.2012; Record Level: institutionCode: ZMUM

Occurrence: recordedBy: I. Melnik; individualCount: 2; sex: females; Location: country: Sri Lanka; stateProvince: Sabaragamuwa Prov.; verbatimLocality: Millenium Foundation Orphanage; verbatimElevation: 90 m; verbatimLatitude: 7°16\'40"N; verbatimLongitude: 80°23\'12"E; Event: eventDate: 19-22.XII.2012; Record Level: institutionCode: ZMUM

Description

Length ca 33 mm, width of pro- and metazona 2.8 and 3.8 mm, respectively (♂), or 25, 3.0 and 4.0 mm, respectively (♀). Colour pattern highly vivid (Fig. 5), shiny blackish to dark brown, with contrasting yellowish paraterga and the immediately adjacent regions. Paraterga very well-developed, set rather high (about 1/4th of midbody height) (Fig. 6a), callus wide (Fig. 6b), thicker in pore-bearing paraterga. Pleurosternal carinae longitudinally arched ribs, increasingly poorly developed towards telson to totally disappear in segment 15. Legs only slightly enlarged in male, rather long and slender, about 1.3 (♂) or 0.9 (♀) times as long as midbody height. ♂ legs 5 (Fig. 7a) and 6 with large femoral humps, ♂ femur 7 with a humped process even greater than in leg 6 (Fig. 7b). Epiproct subtruncate (Fig. 6c). Hypoproct roundly subtrapeziform (Fig. 6d). Sternal lamina between ♂ coxae 4 semi-circular (Fig. 6e).

Gonopods very simple (Fig. 6f): coxite with a few strong setae distodorsally, prefemoral part prominent, only slightly shorter than acropodite; femorite with a strong ventral tooth (a), solenophore bipartite, with two apical lobes (b, c), lobe c supporting a short solenomere (sl).

Notes

This species was originally described from Yangon (= Rangoon), Myanmar (Pocock 1895). Attems (1937) synonymized it with Jonespeltis splendidus Verhoeff, 1936, from southern India, but Jeekel (1965) revalidated the latter species and returned Anoplodesmus anthracinus to its original scope. Furthermore, Jeekel provided very useful illustrations and a detailed redescription of the species, based on a part of the type series. Hoffman (1973) gave more illustrations of the gonopods, based on a paratype of Anoplodesmus kathanus (Chamberlin, 1921), from Katha, north of Yangon, Myanmar, and synonymized it with Anoplodesmus anthracinus.

Our record of Anoplodesmus anthracinus in the State of Pulau Penang, Malaysia considerably extends the range of this species to the south. The studied sample agrees well with the description provided by Jeekel (1965) and Hoffman (1973) in most characters (Figs 6f, 7), including humps in ♂ femora 5 and 6, as well as a process surmounting a hump in ♂ femur 7. Only slight variations have been noticed in the shapes of paraterga and sternal lobe between ♂ coxae 4. The same can be said about the samples from Sri Lanka which are also identified as Anoplodesmus anthracinus.

These are the first formal records of the species in Malaysia and Sri Lanka (Figs 8, 10). However, actually they might well represent introductions. In fact, in Malaysia the species was observed and collected in a highly agricultural and urbanized area, in close proximity to experimental rice fields (Fig. 9), while in Sri Lanka, the collecting locality is a human settlement.

It is noteworthy that Sri Lanka hosts several formal species of Anoplodesmus, nearly all very similar to one another:

Anoplodesmus saussurii (Humbert, 1865), originally described from Sri Lanka, later recorded also in Fiji and Mauritius (Jeekel 1965, Jeekel 1972, Jeekel 1980a). The only meaningful difference from Anoplodesmus anthracinus is said to lie in the absence of a ventral hump in ♂ femur 5. However, given considerable variation in the presence or absence of this character, when such a hump in Anoplodesmus anthracinus can either be present in or absent from ♂ femur 4 (Attems 1937, Jeekel 1965), its status versus the older name Anoplodesmus saussurii is to be questioned.

Anoplodesmus luctuosus (Peters, 1864), from Rambodde; Anoplodesmus inornatus (Humbert, 1865), Anoplodesmus layardi (Humbert, 1865), Anoplodesmus thwaitesii (Humbert, 1865) and Anoplodesmus humberti (Carl, 1902), all from Paradeniya; and Anoplodesmus sabulosus Attems, 1898, from Kandy. All of them have been described from Sri Lanka, still known only from that island. Some of these taxa are however dubious, being based on female or even juvenile material, but most could be included into a key (Jeekel 1965). Regrettably, the first couplet in the key is purely geographic, separating the species from Myanmar and Sumatra from those described from Sri Lanka and India (Jeekel 1965). As one can see from the presently known distributions of Anoplodesmus saussurii and Anoplodesmus anthracinus, this distinction does not hold, also strongly suggesting several introductions through human agency. The only feasible solution lies in collecting new and/or spotting topotypic museum samples of the still enigmatic Anoplodesmus inornatus and Anoplodesmus layardi from Paradeniya, and of Anoplodesmus sabulosus from Kandy, to properly compare them to their type material. In addition, bar-coding could help tracing genetic relationships. Last, but not least, a few congeneric species, most of which also very similar to Anoplodesmus anthracinus, are known to occur in southern India as well.

Since Anoplodesmus is a senior synonym of Paranedyopus (Golovatch 2000, Golovatch 2013), the sole erstwhile component species of the latter genus from Sri Lanka, Anoplodesmus simplex (Humbert, 1865), from Pundaloya (Jeekel 1980c), must be considered as well. However, like any former Paranedyopus species, Anoplodesmus simplex shows reduced paraterga and more elaborate gonopods (Golovatch 2013). In other words, Anoplodesmus simplex is quite distinct from the above congeners from Sri Lanka which all have strongly developed paraterga and highly simple gonopods. In contrast, it seems to be more similar to Anoplodesmus rufocinctus (Carl, 1932) and Anoplodesmus subcylindricus (Carl, 1932), both latter taxa from southern India (Jeekel 1980c).

Anoplodesmus anthracinus, new to the fauna of Sri Lanka.

Checklists Checklist of the Philippine <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="familia">Paradoxosomatidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Australiosomatinae Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Australiosomatinae Antichiropodini Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Antichiropodini Euphyodesmus Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Euphyodesmus Attems, 1931 Euphyodesmus Type-species: Euphyodesmus gracilis Attems, 1931 philippina Euphyodesmus Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Euphyodesmus philippina (Nguyen Duc & Sierwald, 2010), comb. n. Notes

The identity of this species, described from Palawan Island in the genus Desmoxytes Chamberlin, 1923 (Nguyen Duc and Sierwald 2010), has recently been discussed and shown to actually represent the basically Australian subfamily Australiosomatinae (Golovatch et al. 2012). The species has thereby remained referred to as Desmoxytesphilippina, the genus name being put in quotation marks to emphasize the wrong original assignment. Here we take the opportunity to allocate it properly at least at the subfamily level, choosing the Bornean Euphyodesmus as perhaps the best candidate genus (Golovatch 1996).

Paradoxosomatinae Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Paradoxosomatinae Orthomorphini Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Orthomorphini Luzonomorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Luzonomorpha Hoffman, 1973 Luzonomorpha Type-species: Prionopeltis montana Chamberlin, 1921 Notes

This strictly Philippine genus has recently been reviewed, and most of its species have been keyed (Jeekel 2000).

acutangula Luzonomorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Luzonomorpha acutangula (Newport, 1844) Notes

Described as Polydesmus acutangulus from an unspecified locality in the Philippines, it has sometimes been quoted in the original spelling (e.g. Jeekel 2000), but we prefer to follow Hoffman (1973), who clearly spelled the name in the feminine gender.

infulata Luzonomorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Luzonomorpha infulata (Wang, 1951) Notes

Described from Mindanao Island.

montana Luzonomorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Luzonomorpha montana (Chamberlin, 1921) Notes

Described from several places in Luzon.

pallidula Luzonomorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Luzonomorpha pallidula Jeekel, 2000 Notes

Known from Mindoro Island.

picea Luzonomorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Luzonomorpha picea (Brandt, 1839) Notes

Described from Manila.

polilloensis Luzonomorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Luzonomorpha polilloensis (San Juan & Lit, 2010), comb. n. Notes

Known from Polillo Island (San Juan and Lit 2010). This species was originally assigned to Prionopeltis Pocock, 1895, a genus long known to be invalid (Jeekel 1968). In fact it definitely belongs to Luzonomorpha.

quatuorputeus Luzonomorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Luzonomorpha quatuorputeus (Wang, 1951) Notes

Known both from Mindanao and Luzon islands.

Orthomorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Orthomorpha Bollman, 1893 Orthomorpha Type-species: Polydesmus beaumontii Leguillou, 1841 coarctata Orthomorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Orthomorpha coarctata (De Saussure, 1860) Notes

This pantropical, definitely anthropochore species has often been referred to as a distinct genus, Asiomorpha Verhoeff, 1939, but we prefer to regard Orthomorpha coarctata as a species of Orthomorpha (see Likhitrakarn et al. 2011). In the Philippines, it has been recorded in Mactan and Cebu islands (Wang 1955).

Sulciferini Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Sulciferini Chondromorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Chondromorpha Silvestri, 1897 Chondromorpha Type-species: Chondromorpha severini Silvestri, 1897 xanthotricha Chondromorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Chondromorpha xanthotricha (Attems, 1898) Notes

In the Philippines, this nearly pantropical, definitely anthropochore species has only been recorded in Luzon (Wang 1953).

Eustrongylosomatini Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Eustrongylosomatini Eustrongylosoma Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Eustrongylosoma Silvestri, 1896 penevi Eustrongylosoma Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Eustrongylosoma penevi Golovatch & Stoev, 2013, sp. n. Notes

Known from Luzon Island.

Tectoporini Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Tectoporini Helicorthomorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Helicorthomorpha Attems, 1914 Helicorthomorpha Type-species: Strongylosoma holstii Pocock, 1895 luzoniensis Helicorthomorpha Paradoxosomatidae Polydesmida Diplopoda Arthropoda Animalia Helicorthomorpha luzoniensis (Peters, 1864), comb. n. Notes

Originally described from Luzon, without a more precise locality (Peters 1864), this species, previously considered dubious (Jeekel 1968), appears to actually represent a new senior subjective synonym of Helicorthomorpha orthogona (Silvestri, 1898). The syntypes (1 ♂, 1 ♀), labelled "Bosoboso, Luzon, leg. Martens" (Moritz and Fischer 1978), have been revised and returned to the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin as а lectotype (♂) and а paralectotype (♀). Lectotype designation is necessary to ensure the species to be based on male material. In addition, unlike the paralectotype, which is an incomplete female, the lectotype is complete. The name luzoniensis is preferred because of its priority, being in use in the last 50 years and thus not representing a nomen oblitum (Moritz and Fischer 1978). This widespread species, previously referred to as Helicorthomorpha orthogona, is known to occur from China to New Guinea (Jeekel 2009). In the Philippines it has been recorded from Luzon and Mindanao islands (Wang 1951, Jeekel 1980b).

Species incertae sedis bisulcata Orthomorpha Orthomorpha bisulcata Pocock, 1895 Notes

This species, originally described from Myanmar (Pocock 1895), has been recorded under this name from the Philippines, based on material shipped from the Philippines and intercepted by quarantine in the Hawaiis (Wang 1951). Because that material contained only females, the identification seems to be highly dubious, better to be ignored altogether.

Acknowledgements

The collecting trips of the second author to the Philippines and Malaysia were funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the international research programme “Sustainable Land Management” LEGATO Project (Land-use intensity and ecological engineering – assessment tools for risks and opportunities in irrigated rice based production systems, www.legato-project.net). Special thanks go to Zoltán Korsós (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest) for sharing with us his unpublished catalogue draft, and to Jason Dunlop and Anja Friederichs (Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin) for sending us on loan the type material of Strongylosoma luzoniense under their care. Bob Mesibov (Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Tasmania, Australia), Nesrine Akkari (Danish Natural History Museum, Copenhagen) and Teodor Georgiev (Pensoft) provided helpful comments on the manuscript. We are most grateful to the Bulgarian-Russian Interacademician Exchange Programme which allowed SG to visit NMNHS in 2012 and 2013.

References Attems C 1937 Myriapoda 3. Polydesmoidea I. Fam. Strongylosomidae. Das Tierreich 68 1 300 Golovatch SI 1996 The millipede family Paradoxosomatidae on Borneo, with contributions to the faunas of some other islands of the Sunda area (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Revue suisse de Zoologie 103 1 151 193 Golovatch SI 1997 On several new or poorly-known Oriental Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), V. Arthropoda Selecta 5 131 141 Golovatch SI 2000 On several new or poorly-known Oriental Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), VII. Arthropoda Selecta 8 4 215 220 Golovatch SI 2013 On several new or poorly-known Oriental Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), XIII. Arthropoda Selecta 22 1 1 31 Golovatch Sergei Li Youbang Liu Weixin Geoffroy Jean-Jacques 2012 Three new cavernicolous species of dragon millipedes, genus Desmoxytes Chamberlin, 1923, from southern China, with notes on a formal congener from the Philippines (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). ZooKeys 185 1 17 10.3897/zookeys.185.3082 Hoffman RL 1973 Descriptions and allocation of new or poorly known genera and species of Paradoxomatidae from south-eastern Asia (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Journal of Natural History 7 361 389 10.1080/00222937300770281 Hoffman RL 1978 Diplopoda from Papuan Caves (Zoological Results of the British Speleological Expedition to Papua New Guinea, 1975, 4). International Journal of Speleology 9 281 307 10.1080/00222937300770281 Jeekel CAW 1965 A revision of the Burmese Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale at Genoa (Part I). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 108 5 95 144 Jeekel CAW 1968 On the classification and geographical distribution of the family Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Privately published Rotterdam 162 Jeekel CAW 1972 The “endemic” paradoxosomatids (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) of the Fiji Islands. Beaufortia 20 258 1 5 Jeekel CAW 1980 Records of Diplopoda of the order Polydesmida from the Fiji Islands. Entomologische Berichten 40 122 127 Jeekel CAW 1980 The generic allocation of some little-known Paradoxosomatidae from South-East Asia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Revue suisse de Zoologie 87 3 651 670 Jeekel CAW 1980 On some little known Paradoxosomatidae from India and Ceylon, with the description of four new genera (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Beaufortia 30 8 163 178 Jeekel CAW 2000 A new Luzonomorpha from Mindoro, Philippine Is. (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Myriapod Memoranda 2 22 30 Jeekel CAW 2009 Records of Paradoxosomatidae from New Guinea (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Myriapod Memoranda 11 75 82 Likhitrakarn Natdanai Panha Somsak Golovatch Sergei 2011 Revision of the Southeast Asian millipede genus Orthomorpha Bollman, 1893, with the proposal of a new genus (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). ZooKeys 131 1 161 10.3897/zookeys.131.1921 Moritz M Fischer SC 1978 Die Typen der Myriapoden-Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums Berlin. I. Diplopoda. Teil 4: Polydesmida. Teil 5: Ergänzungen. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 54 1 99 160 10.1080/00222937300770281 Nguyen Duc A Sierwald P 2010 A new dragon millipede (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae: Orthomorphini) from the Philippines. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 58 2 173 177 Peters WCH 1864 Übersicht der im Königl. zoologischen Museum befindlichen Myriopoden aus der Familie der Polydesmi, so wie Beschreibungen einer neuen Gattung, Trachyjulus, der Juli und neuer Arten der Gattung Siphonophora. Monatsberichte der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 7 529 551 Pocock RI 1895 The Myriapoda of Burma, Pt. IV. Report upon the Polydesmoidea collected by Sig. L. Fea, Mr. E.W. Oates and others. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria", Genova 2 14 787 834 San Juan VDA Lit IL Jr 2010 Two new species of flat-backed millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida) from Polillo Island, Philippines. Asia Life Sciences Supplement 4 131 138 Wang YHM 1951 The Myriapoda of the Philippine islands. Serica Vol. I. University of Utah Utah 80 Wang YHM 1953 Supplement to the Myriapoda of the Philippine Islands. Entomological News 64 1 1 4 Wang YHM 1955 Serica 1c: Supplement to the Myriapoda of the Philippine Islands II. Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum 8 3 193 194

Eustrongylosoma penevi sp. n. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

♂ paratype, habitus, lateral view

midbody segments, dorsal view

♂ paratype 3 segment 10, lateral view

left half of segment 10, dorsal view

Eustrongylosoma penevi sp. n. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

epiproct

hypoproct

sternal lobe between coxae 4, caudal view

right gonopod, mesal view

right gonopod, lateral view

right gonopod, dorsal view

Map of Luzon showing the type locality of Eustrongylosoma penevi sp. n. Original map from: Alexander Altenhof (Kater Begemot) via Wikimedia Commons.

A view of Mt Polis Checkpoint, the type locality of Eustrongylosoma penevi sp. n. Red arrow indicates the exact place where species was found.

Anoplodesmus anthracinus Pocock, ♂.

habitus, lateral view

habitus, in situ, dorsal view

Anoplodesmus anthracinus Pocock, ♂.

segment 10, lateral view. Scale bar: 2.0 mm

left half of segment 10, dorsal view. Scale bar: 2.0 mm

epiproct. Scale bar: 2.0 mm

hypoproct. Scale bar: 2.0 mm

sternal lobe between coxae 4, caudal view. Scale bar: 2.0 mm

right gonopod, mesal view. Scale bar: 1.0 mm

Anoplodesmus anthracinus Pocock, ♂.

male leg 5, lateral view

male leg 7, lateral view

Map of the southern part of Malay Peninsula showing the new locality of Anoplodesmus anthracinus. Original map from Wikimedia Commons.

A view of Station MARDI Seberang Perai where Anoplodesmus anthracinus was found.

Map of Sri Lanka showing the new locality of Anoplodesmus anthracinus. Original map from: Uwe Dedering, via Wikimedia Commons.