Biodiversity Data Journal : Taxonomic paper
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Saproxylic beetles of the Po plain woodlands, Italy
Corresponding author: Silvia Stefanelli (silviastef@tiscali.it), Francesca Della Rocca (fdellarocca@gmail.com)
Academic editor: David Bilton
Received: 24 Apr 2014 | Accepted: 18 Jun 2014 | Published: 22 Jul 2014
© 2014 Silvia Stefanelli, Francesca Della Rocca, Giuseppe Bogliani.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Stefanelli S, Della Rocca F, Bogliani G (2014) Saproxylic beetles of the Po plain woodlands, Italy. Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1106. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1106
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Forest ecosystems play an important role for the conservation of biodiversity, and for the protection of ecological processes. The Po plain woodlands which once covered the whole Plain, today are reduced in isolated highly threatened remnants by modern intensive agriculture. These close to natural floodplain forests are one of the most scarce and endangered ecosystems in Europe.
Saproxylic species represent a major part of biodiversity of woodlands. The saproxylic insects are considered one of the most reliable bio-indicators of high-quality mature woodlands and have a very important role in regard to the protection and monitoring of forest biodiversity due to their highly specific living environments. As a result of the dramatic reduction of mature forests and the decreased availability of deadwood most of the saproxylic communities are greatly diminishing.
The study was conducted in the Ticino Valley Regional Park and the aim is to contribute to the expansion of knowledge on the saproxylic beetles of Lombardy. We investigated 6 sampling sites belonging to alluvial and riparian mixed forests. For each forest we selected 12 trees. For beetles’ collection we used two different traps: Eclector Traps and Trunk Window Traps (total of 72 traps and 864 samples collected).
We determined 4.387 beetles from 87 saproxylic species belonging to 21 families. Of these species 51 were not included in the previous checklist of the Park.
By comparing the two different techniques used for catching saproxylic beetles, we found a significantly high difference in species richness between Window Traps (WT) and Eclector Traps (ET) with a higher number of species captured in the Window Traps. However, the combined use of two different types of traps significantly expanded the spectrum of insects captured
Among the species reported as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List, we found interesting species such as the Elateridae Calambus bipustulats, the Eucnemidae Melasis buprestoides and the following species never previously found in the Park: Cerambycidae Xylotrechus rusticus, the Cetoniidae Valgus hemipterus, the Elateridae Lacon punctatus, the Mycetophagidae Mycetophagus piceus, Litargus connexus.
Although we didn’t find species listed in the Annexes of the EU Habitat Directive, some of the species found are locally threatened because of their rarity, local distribution, and strong linkage to old forests. Among these species there are the Bothrideridae Bothrideres bipunctatus, the Cerambycidae Prionus coriarius and Xylotrechus rusticus, the Dryophthoridae Dryophthorus corticalis, the Eucnemidae Nematodes filum (with only 1 individual captured in Alnus unmanged forest), the Histeridae Aeletes atomarius and Paromalus flavicornis, the Laemophloeidae Cryptolestes duplicatus, the Latridiidae Enicmus rugosus and Latridius hirtus, the Mycetophagidae Mycetophagus piceus, and the Zopheridae Colydium elongatum and Pycnomerus terebrans.
Dead wood, saproxylic beetles, species checklist
Forest ecosystems play an important role for the conservation of biodiversity and for the maintenance of ecological processes. Italian forests make up 34.7% of the country’s territory and are among the lushest in Europe (
Saproxylic species represent roughly 20–30% of the invertebrate fauna of the European broad-leaved forests (
As a result of the dramatic reduction in mature forests and the decreased availability of deadwood, most saproxylic communities are diminishing greatly. Several species are suffering from fragmented distribution, and in some cases, are disappearing from their former strongholds (
The ecology and distribution of many saproxyilic species in Mediterranean countries are poorly studied or completely unknown (
The study was conducted in the Ticino Valley Natural Park located in Northwest Italy 30 km south of the city of Milan. The park, which was acknowledged as the MAB Biosphere Reserve “Valle del Ticino” (UNESCO 2005), covers an area of 287 km2 along the banks of the Ticino River from Lake Maggiore to its confluence with the Po River. This particular geographic position crosses the most urbanized area of the country and represents an important ecological corridor between the Alps and the Apennines by creating a biological connection between continental Europe and the Mediterranean area. The Ticino Valley represents an area of high biodiversity with a large variety of habitats: conifer forests, lowland forests, waterways, wetlands, cultivated fields, heathlands, and meadows (
This study covers two Sites of Community Importance (SCI): “Boschi Siro Negri e Moriano” (IT2080014) and “Boschi di Vaccarizza” (IT2080019) located on the southern side of the Park (
The SCI “Boschi Siro Negri e Moriano” extends along the Ticino River from the bridge of the Milano-Genova highway to the city of Pavia and covers an area of 13.52 km2. The SCI has an elongated shape and is inserted inside a broad valley groove with a low slope that widens as you move from North to South. The river is included in a dense hydrographic network represented by irrigation ditches that constitute an interesting environmental and wetland habitat with a high natural value (
The SCI “Boschi di Vaccarizza” covers an area of 4.65 km2 between the city of Pavia and the Southern border of the park; it is completely included inside the Ticino Valley Regional Park, but it’s located in an area subjected to deep transformations by human activities. The SCI is located downstream of the confluence of the Ticino River into Po River. In this stretch, the floodplain is very large when compared to many other waterways in the area and is occupied, for the most part, by poplar plantations which characterize the cultivation of the area. Only in the Northern part of the SCI and in the ranges in close contact with the river did we find a more complex vegetation structure (
We investigated 6 sampling sites consisting of both managed and unmanaged forests. We considered unmanaged forests those which had not been influenced by direct human disturbance for at least 20 years (
In the SCI "Boschi Siro Negri e Moriano", we considered two Populus forests consisting of 1 managed site (BN1) and 1 unmanaged site (BN21). We also analyzed two Quercus forests consisting of 1 managed (BN5) and 1 unmanaged site (BN10).
In the SCI "Boschi di Vaccarizza", we investigated two Alnus forests. In this case we also investigated 1 unmanged forest (V1) and 1 managed forest (V2).
For each forest, we selected and georeferenced 12 trees, 6 fallen and 6 standing, belonging to three decay classes of wood according to the criteria described in the manual "BioSoil - Biodiversity Project" (
For collecting beetles, we used two different traps: 1) Eclector Traps (
All traps were checked every two weeks from April 2010 to September 2010 for a total of 12 collections from each forest and 864 samples collected during the study. Of the 68 families identified, 48 were found to be saproxylic and we considered obligate saproxyilics to be those beetles which depend on dead wood in at least part of their lifecycle (
The families of beetles determined to the species level were: Anthribidae (Billberg, 1820), Bothrideridae (Erichson, 1845), Cerambycidae (Latreille, 1802), Cerylonidae (Billberg, 1820), Cetoniidae (Leach, 1815), Curculionidae (Latreille, 1802), Dryophthoridae (Schönherr, 1825), Elateridae (Leach, 1815), Erotylidae (Latreille, 1802), Eucnemidae (Eschscholtz, 1829), Histeridae (Gyllenhal, 1808), Laemophloeidae (Ganglbauer, 1899), Latridiidae (Erichson, 1842), Lissomidae (Castelnau, 1840), Lucanidae (Latreille, 1804), Mycetophagidae (Leach, 1815), Monotomidae (Laporte, 1840), Nitidulidae (Latreille, 1802), Silvanidae (Kirby, 1837), Tenebrionidae (Latreille, 1802), and Zopheridae (Solier, 1834).
In the analysis, we used the pooled sample of 72 traps (36 windows traps and 36 eclector traps). As a measure of species richness (α-diversity) (
Brachytarsus nebulosus Kuster, 1859 –
Bruchus varius Fabricius, 1787 –
Bruchus clathratus Herbst, 1786 –
Anthribus variegatus Geoffroy, 1785 –
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia North, Sardinia, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (Asian Turkey, Caucasian Russian republics, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Sinai Peninsula (Egypt), Arabian peninsula, Iran, Iraq) (
The species lives in conifer, broadleaves, mixed, and floodplain forests. The larva is a predator of Coccidae and develops mainly on pine and fir, while the adult is found on larch, willow, oak, and beech (
French mainland and Italian mainland (
Croatia, Italian mainland (
The species is polyphagous. The larva develops and lives in the dead branches of different wood species; the adult is sometimes found in soil and roots (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia North, Sardinia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (Asian Turkey, Caucasian Russian republics, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Sinai Peninsula (Egypt), Arabian peninsula, Iran, Iraq) (
The larva develops in dead and dying trees usually in the forest; it is often associated with the fungus Daldinia sp. (
Austria, Azores, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Canary Is., Channel Is., Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyclades Is., Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Dodecanese Is., Estonia, European Turkey, Faroe Is., Finland, Franz Josef Land, French mainland, Germany, Gibraltar, Greek mainland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madeira, Malta, Moldova Republic of, Monaco, North Aegean Is., Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Novaya Zemlya, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, San Marino, Sardinia, Selvagens Is., Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Svalbard & Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Vatican City, Yugoslavia (
The species lives in relict virgin forests (
Austria, Azores, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Canary Is., Channel Is., Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyclades Is., Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Dodecanese Is., Estonia, European Turkey, Faroe Is., Finland, Franz Josef Land, French mainland, Germany, Gibraltar, Greek mainland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madeira, Malta, Moldova, Republic of Monaco, North Aegean Is., Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Novaya Zemlya, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, San Marino, Sardinia, Selvagens Is., Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Svalbard & Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Vatican City, Yugoslavia (
The species lives infrequently in the bark of old oaks as a commensal in the galleries of the bark beetles which grow ambrosia fungi (
Cerambyx varius Fabricius, 1787 –
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azores, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Canary Is., Channel Is., Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyclades Is., Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Dodecanese Is., Estonia, European Turkey, Faroe Is., Finland, Franz Josef Land, French mainland, Germany, Gibraltar, Greek mainland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madeira, Malta, Moldova Republic of, Monaco, North Aegean Is., Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Novaya Zemlya, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, San Marino, Sardinia, Selvagens Is., Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Svalbard & Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Vatican City, Yugoslavia, Afro-tropical region, Australian region, East Palaearctic, Near East, Nearctic region, Neotropical region, North Africa (
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Macedonia, Romania, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (
The species appears in early summer and has nocturnal habits. The larva lives in all species of broadleaves, but mainly in large dead trees (
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (
This is the smallest European species of the genus. The larva is polyphagous and develops for two years in dead wood, but it also often lives in the wood of various damaged or diseased broadleaves. The adult is active for most of the spring and summer and appears in the flowers of shrubs and herbs and on old wood (
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova Republic of, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (
The species develops in the wood and dead branches of various broadleaves and occasionally in conifers; adults occur on flowers (
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova Republic of, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (
The species is active for most of the spring and summer. Larva develops under bark and in the wood of many broadleaves, and is often found on oaks, beech, and fruit trees (
Leptura ruficornis Fabricius, 1781 –
Leptura atra Fabricius, 1775 –
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia East, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (
The species is the most common of the four Central European species of the genus. The larva is polyphagous and develops under bark on dry branch wood. The adult appears in May and June on flowers of various plants especially hawthorns and umbrellifers (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (
The larva is polyphagous and develops under bark on branches and trunks of various dead broadleaves, mainly oak, and also rarely in conifers. The adult is found from May to August on wood in broadleaves woodland ranging from lowlands to mountains (
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (
The species is widespread from the plains to the mountains. The larva develops in the cambial layer of large sections of freshly dead broadleaves wood. The adult is usually found on oaks, and rarely occur on flowers. (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Luxembourg, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (
The species is polyphagous. The larva develops in the wood of different species of broadleaves. The adult appears in early spring and remains active for a short period (
Cerambyx asper Sulzer, 1776 –
Morimus ganglbaueri Reitter, 1894 –
Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, European Turkey, French mainland, Greek mainland, Italian mainland, Romania, San Marino, Sardinia, Sicily, Spanish mainland, Switzerland (
The species has a strong sexual dimorphism. The larva is polyphagous and develops in both deciduous and coniferous trees, but prefers the first. The adult can be found on the trunks of the same host plants (
Croatia, Hungary, Italian mainland, Slovenia, Switzerland, Nearctic region (
The species is thermophilic. It is found on many hardwoods as rosa, oak, lime, ash, grape, cercis, chestnut, willow, hornbeam, evonymus, birch, robinia, and hibiscus trees, but is also more rarely found in conifers such as fir trees (
Callidium violaceum Rossi, 1790 –
Callidium italicus Gmelin, 1790 –
Callidium ruficollis Fabricius, 1781 –
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, Nearctic region, North Africa, Oriental region (
The species develops in the dead branches and dead logs of various broadleaves, mainly oak, and also in conifers. The larva makes characteristic borings in the bark and sapwood. The adult is crepuscular and attracted to light and sweet secretions (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, North Africa (
The species develops in the thin dead branches of a variety of broadleaves especially in old hedgerows (
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (
The species is widespread in both the plains and the mountains. The larva develops for three years in dead wood, mainly in stumps and their roots, and reaches up to 70mm in size. The adult appears in the summer in broadleaves and mixed forests, and also rarely in conifers. It flies at dusk and during the night. It is a species with a declining population (
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (
The larva lives in the soil and feeds on the mycelia of fairy ring champignons. The adult appears from June to August on various flowers, mainly in meadows (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia,Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, Oriental region (
The species is very common and lives in forests, meadows, and glades from lowlands to mountains. The larva develops in the rotting wood of broadleaves and conifers. Adults in flowers (
Leptura cordigera Fuessly, 1775 –
Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, Syria and Caucaso (
The larva develops in the wood of different species of broadleaves. The adult occur on flowers. (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, Oriental region (
The species is more common in the plains than in the mountains. The larva develops in different species of broadleaves. The adult occur on flowers and appears during late spring and summer (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, North Aegean Is., Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (
The larva develops under the bark of the dry branch wood of roses and hawthorns, as well as, blackthorns and other fruit trees. The adult appears beginning in April on the twigs, leaves, and flowers of orchards and forest edges (
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (
The species is more widespread in the Mediterranean area than in continental regions. The larva develops only in oaks. The adult appears during spring and summer on the logs of the host plants (
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa, Oriental region (
The species is rare but widespread as are the other species of the genus. The larva develops under the bark of various broadleaves, mainly birch, poplar, willow, and aspen. The adults mostly occur on stacks of dry branches or logs of host plants and fly and run around in sunshine (
Crete, French mainland, Greek mainland, Italian mainland, Sardinia, Switzerland, Afro-tropical region, Australian region, Near East, North Africa, Oriental region (
It is an allochthonous species which probably arrived in Europe infesting the wood of mulberry trees. Little is known about its biology (
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species lives in ancient forests. The larva develops in the rotten wood of different species of recently dead hardwoods and feeds on decomposing fungi and spores (
Scarabaeus aurata Linneaus, 1761 –
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Channel Is., Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (
The species is very common. The larva develops in the rotten wood of old broadleaves with humus-rich soil. It pupates in late summer and autumn in a cocoon in which the beetle overwinters. The adult appears from April to October on the flowers of various herbs, shrubs, trees, and also sometimes at oozing sap (
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Channel Is., Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, North Aegean Is., Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (
It is a thermophilous species. The adult appears from May to July on the flowers of various herbs and shrubs (
It is a common, hardy species with variable coloration. The larva which often occurs at the edges of ant hills of Formica rufa group feeds on nest material and various wood debris. Females lay eggs near the anthills and larval development takes two years. The adult appears from May to July on flowers and ripe fruits (
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Channel Is., Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyclades Is., Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dodecanese Is., European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Poland, Romania, Russia East, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (
This is an univoltine species. The larva feeds on decaying plant matter and roots in the soil. The adult appears at the end of March mostly on yellow flowers and feeds on pollen (
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, Nearctic region, North Africa (
The larva develops in the decaying wood of dead broadleaves for one year. The adult appears from the end of April to the end of June on flowers in warmer areas (
Rhyncolus sulcirostris Thomson, 1894 –
Cossonus cylindrirostris Olivier, 1807 –
Rhyncolus latirostris Thomson, 1886 –
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Balearic Is., Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Gibraltar, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia South, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine (
The species develops in the decayed heartwood of beech, hawthorn, and ash (
Curculio corticalis (Paykull, 1792) –
Austria, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Russia Northwest, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine (
The species inhabits the old relict forests of broadleaves and conifers throughout Europe. Despite their wide distribution, this species is pretty rare probably because of its hidden lifestyle and difficulty to collect. The larva develops in the hard wood of oaks and also in beeches and is often associated with the ant Lasius brunneus (
Elater angusticollis Heyden, 1886 –
Ampedus lythropterus Germar, 1844 –
Least Concern (
Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (
The species is principally associated with ancient oak forests. The larva develops in the dead timber of various broadleaves mainly in heart-rot, but also under the bark of rotten limbs. It is a predator of other beetle larvae, often Dorcus sp. (
Least Concern (
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (
This species is typical of wetlands, particularly the riparian forests of the Lombardy plains. The larva develops in the stumps of different species including both broadleaves and conifers (
Ampedus brigittae Bouwer, 1980 –
Ampedus robustus Bouwer, 1980 –
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (
The species is primarily associated with ancient wood pastures. Larva develops in the decayed timber of oak, birch, pine, and probably other trees. It pupates at the end of the season and hibernates as adult. The adult is active from May to June (
Elater sanguinolentus Schrank, 1776
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (
It is one of the most common species associated with ancient forests and wetlands. The species lives on the banks of rivers and swamps where the larva develops in many deciduous species and in the decay of logs, stumps, and branches. It pupates at end of the season and hibernates as adult (
Least Concern (
Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia Northwest, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic (
The species is found in the winter under the bark of old oak trees such as lindens, elms, poplars, and mulberry trees. The larva is a predator living in the soft rotten wood of stumps and trunks on the same plant as the adult, especially oaks (
Bulgaria, French mainland, Greek mainland, Italian mainland, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Near East (
Least Concern (
Balearic Is., Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Malta, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (
The species lives in conifers, mainly pine, and in broadleaves like oak, beech, chestnut, willow, poplar, pear, and lime. The larva develops under the bark of standing and fallen dead trees and in stumps and trunks invaded by ants of the genus Camponotus. The adult has crepuscular and nocturnal habits and is often found together with the larvae (
Elater erythropus Gmelin, 1789 –
Elater rufipes Herbst, 1784 –
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (
The species is common and widespread. The larva develops mainly in rotted timber, but also in decaying wood. The adult flies after dark and is attracted to light (
Cnecosophagus jekeli Reitter, 1875 –
Dacne rugosa Jakowlev, 1910 –
Dermestes scanica Fabricius, 1775 –
Ips humeralis Fabricius, 1787 –
Dacne opaca Trella, 1929 –
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia North, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species usually lives in softer polypore fungi, like Letiporus sulphureus, Piptoporus betulinus, and Pleurotus ostreatus, on trunks of broadleaves (
Cyrtotriplax binotata Reitter, 1887 –
Cyrtotriplax bipunctata Csiki, 1899 –
Tritoma dimidiata Redtenbacher, 1849 –
Dermestes humeralis Marsham, 1802 –
Tritoma incerta Rossi, 1790 –
Tritoma pretiosa Roubal, 1934 –
Cyrtotriplax pulchra Reitter, 1887 –
Sphaeridium bimaculata Herbst, 1783 –
Cyrtotriplax ehmanni Dietl, 1898 –
Least Concern (
Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Russia Central, Russia North, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine (
The species occurs relatively often and throughout the year on tree fungi, especially on beeches where the larva also develops (
Least Concern (
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Macedonia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Afro-tropical region, East Palaearctic, Near East (
The species is mostly found on beech, hornbeam, and elm trees. The larva develops in rather hard dead timber, especially boughs, of a wide variety of broadleaves (
Elater filum Fabricius, 1801 –
Austria, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Selvagens Is., Sicily, Slovakia, Switzerland, Near East (
For this species, only a single relict occurrence is known in Europe (
Synonyms: Abraeus atomarius Aube, 1843 –
Austria, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Poland, Sardinia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species lives in ancient wood pastures, in beech, ash, willow, and alder trees. It is usually found in the burrows of stag beetles Dorcus parallelipipedus in the moist crumbly decaying heartwood; although it has also been recorded with Sinodendron cylindricum and ant species such as Lasius brunneus (
Saprinus deletus J.E. LeConte, 1844 –
Saprinus ignobilis Wollaston, 1864 –
Hister nanus Scriba, 1790 –
Hister piceus Marsham, 1802 –
Gnathoncus punctulatus Thomson, 1862 –
Hister quadristriatus Thunberg, 1794 –
Tribalus quadristriatus Wollaston, 1869 –
Saprinus wollastoni Marseul, 1864 –
Hister conjugatus Illiger, 1807 –
Hister punctatus Thunberg, 1794 –
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Canary Is., Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyclades Is., Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Dodecanese Is., Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova Republic of, North Aegean Is., Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species lives in all kinds of decaying organic matter, especially bat guano and bird nests. It is found in the nests of Coloeus monedula spemologus, Sturnus vulgaris, and Strix aluco (
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species lives mainly in sub-hill habitats. It lives all stages in the ingrowings of Populus alba, P. pyramidalis and Pinus sylvestris and often in trunks on the ground (
Hister parvulus Rossi, 1792 –
Hister picipes Fabricius, 1798 –
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Balearic Is., Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyclades Is., Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Dodecanese Is., European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, North Aegean Is., Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species lives in old parks and ancient woodlands. It is found under the preferably dead bark of trees such as poplar, willow, oak, beech, walnut, chestnut, and maritime pine trees. It sometimes lives associated with ants such as Lasius fuliginosus and Formica cunicularia. The larva is a predator of other insect larvae and is often found in the burrows of Bostrychus sp. and Crypturgus pusillus. The adult appears in the spring and at the end of summer (
Hister nassatus Panzer, 1799 –
Platysoma theryana Reitter, 1890 –
Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Macedonia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species living range is from hills to mountains and in various types of decaying wood from both standing and fallen trees. The larva develops in poplars, beeches, oaks, and rarely in conifers (
Austria, Czech Republic, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Poland (
The species lives from the plains to the mountains, mainly in primary forests. The larva develops under the bark of Fagacaee, mainly oak and rarely beech trees (
Cucujus monilis (Fabricius, 1787) –
Austria, Belgium, Britain I., Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Poland, Russia South (
The species lives from the plains to the mountains, but also is found in urban parks. It is found under the bark of various species of broadleaves, mainly oaks, beeches, limes and maples, especially if fungi or Scolytidae are present (
Austria, Belgium, Britain I., Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Madeira, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Russia South, Sicily, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species lives from the plains to the hills and rarely in the mountains; they are mainly found in forests but are also found in urban habitats. It lives under the bark of various trees such as beech, oak, chestnut, elm, lime, maple, and pine trees. Sometimes it is found in galleries of Scolytidae (Scolytus sp., Pteleobius sp., Taphrorychus sp., Tomicus sp.). It is attracted to both fresh and fermented sap (
Lathridius ferrugineus Gerhardt, 1912 –
Enicmus frater Weise, 1972 –
Lathridius ruficornis Kugelann, 1794 –
Lathridius rugipennis Mannerheim, 1844 –
Lathridius depressus Grimmer, 1841 –
Lathridius planatus Mannerheim, 1844 –
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, North Africa (
The species lives under the bark of old forest deadwood, mainly in oak but also in ash, beech, alder, and pine trees. It usually lives associated with fungi of the genus Lycoperdacea, Polyporacea, and myxomycetes (
Enicmus distincticollis Roubal, 1933 –
Lathridius hirsutulus Stephens, 1829 –
Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia North, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, East Palaearctic, Nearctic region (
The species lives in primary forests, and it is considered quite rare. It lives in both hardwood and softwood trunks if it is first attacked by fungi of the genus Polyporacea (
Dorcus truquiii Mulsant, 1855 –
Least Concern (
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Near East, North Africa (
The species lives from the mountains to the Mediterranean lowlands. The larva develops in the rotten wood of various broadleaves and is often attacked by fungi. The adult flies on summer evenings, and it is attracted to light (
Monotoma gracilis Curtis, 1840 –
Monotoma angustata Stephens, 1830 –
Monotoma flavipes Kunze, 1839 –
Austria, Britain I., Canary Is., Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Madeira, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Afro-tropical region, Australian region, East Palaearctic, Near East (
Rhizophagus gyllenhalii C.G.Thomson, 1885 –
Rhizophagus magniceps Reitter, 1897 –
Rhizophagus bipunctatus Herbst, 1793 –
Rhizophagus longicollis Gyllenhal, 1827 –
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Canary Is., Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madeira, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, San Marino, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (
The species usually lives under bark on broadleaves trees, especially if attacked by fungi. The larva feeds on the mycelia and occasionally hunts bark beetles as most other species of the genus (
Engis lunatus Fabricius, 1792 –
Litargus mediojunctus Pic, 1903 –
Mycetophagus signatus Panzer, 1798 –
Ips bifasciatus Fabricius, 1787 –
Ips marginalis Panzer, 1793 –
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (
The larvae feeds mainly on fungi belonging to the species Daldinia loculata and Daldinia concentric and more generally on Pyrenomycetes. The adult is found in rotten wood, especially if attacked by fungal decomposers (
Mycetophagus brunneus Panzer, 1798 –
Mycetophagus felicius Ragusa, 1892 –
Mycetophagus flavotinctus Roubal, 1931 –
Tritoma histrio C.Sahlberg, 1837 –
Tritoma humeralis Schilsky, 1888 –
Mycetophagus lunaris Fabricius, 1801 –
Tritoma punctulatus Schilsky, 1888 –
Boleteria undulatus (Marsham, 1802) –
Mycetophagus variabilis Hellwig, 1792 –
Boleteria varius Marsham, 1802 –
Mycetophagus bosnicus Apfelbeck, 1911 –
Mycetophagus hungaricus Papp, 1946 –
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East (
The species lives primary in ancient forests and wood pastures. Both larva and adults are found in the fresh and moist trunks and branches of mainly oak trees, especially if attacked by the fungus Laetiporus sulphureus (
Tritoma bipustulatus Schilsky, 1888 –
Silphoides boleti Herbst, 1783 –
Mycetophagus feliciae Ragusa, 1891 –
Silpha quadrimaculatus Schaller, 1783 –
Tritoma ruficollis Schilsky, 1889 –
Mycetophagus winteri Reitter, 1911 –
Tritoma antemacularis Dalla Torre, 1879 –
Tritoma impustulatus Schilsky, 1888 –
Least Concern (
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Channel Is., Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (
This very rare species lives in old decaying broadleaves timbers with mildewed cavities. Sometimes it is found in stored products where fungal decay occurred (
Nitidula strigata Fabricius, 1787 –
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic (
The species lives in mesophilic woodlands, especially lowland oak forests, but is also found in mixed forests. It lives associated with macromycetes in decaying trees (
Nitidula depressa Illiger, 1798 –
Epuraea ochracea Sturm, 1844 –
Epuraea bisignata Sturm, 1844 –
Epuraea grandiclava Roubal, 1939 –
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azores, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Dodecanese Is., Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Monaco, North Aegean Is., Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, San Marino, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, Nearctic region (
The larva and adults can be found in the galleries of ambrosia beetles, at oozing tree sap, and in various fungi. The larva develops in the nests of bumblebees and the adult occur on flowers and during winter can be found in mole nests (
Nitidula decemguttata Fabricius, 1792 –
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Monaco, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (
The larva develops in forests in mainly fermented sap and at the exit of galleries dug into the wood by other beetles. The adult sporadically attends the same microhabitat of larva, but it is also found on inflorescences and fermented fruit (
Epuraea bickhardti Sainte-Claire Deville, 1906 –
Nitidula pusilla Illiger, 1798 –
Epuraea acuta Biström, 1977 –
Epuraea lenkorara Méquignon, 1945 –
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Ireland, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Northern Ireland, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, East Palaearctic, Near East, North Africa (
The species lives in conifer forests. The larva and adult are found mainly in the rotten wood of pine trees and on the fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes that grows on this tree species. The adult is found on flowers and inflorescences of Dicotyledons, particularly during the spring and summer (
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Lithuania, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species lives from the plains to the mountains, but is also found in urban areas. The larva develops under the bark of broadleaves such as oak, beech, elm, poplar, and hornbeam trees, and is rarely in conifers such as fir and pine trees. The adult appears from the end of April to July (
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Lithuania, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species is autochtonous for Italy and is the most widespread of the genus. It lives in forests, but is also found in isolated dead trees. Usually it is gregarious, and it is found under the bark of various broadleaves such as hornbeam, chestnut, beech, poplar, oak, robinia, willow, elm, and fruits trees. It is rarely found in conifers such as fir and pine trees. Both larva and adults are often found with the Silvanidae Uleiota planata. The adult flies during the night (
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Lithuania, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species is native for Italy and is found both in igrophilus, mesophilic, and mesotermophilic forests. The larva develops under the bark of broadleaves deadwood such as chestnut, beech, poplar, oak, robinia, willow, elm, alder, birch, and fruits trees, but is also found in conifers. The adult appears mainly in July (
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia North, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden (
The species is common locally and is associated with tree fungi. The larva develops in various polypore fungi such as Polyporus squamosus, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Piptoporus betulinus (
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia North, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden (
The species is commensal in burrows of the bark beetles Scolytus scolytus and Scolytus multistriatus. It usually lives in elm and oak trees on mainly fungi and detritus; sometimes it is also associated with Daldinia concentrica on old ash and with Polyporus squamosus (
Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Poland, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden (
The larva develops together with other bark beetles living under the bark of broadleaves, especially oaks (
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden, Yugoslavia (
The species develops in freshly the dead wood of birch, beech, and oak trees. It is probably a predator of the larvae of the beetle Hylecoetus and other wood borers (
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden (
The species lives under the bark of old broadleaves invaded by fungi, especially oak and beech trees. It is also found under the bark of black elms Sambucus nigra invaded by the fungus Hirneola auricola-judae (
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Russia North, Slovakia, Sweden, Yugoslavia (
The species is common. The larva develops in the rotting wood of broadleaves invaded by fungi (
Tenebrio aenus Scopoli, 1763 –
Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Yugoslavia (
Tenebrio culinaris Linneaus, 1758 –
Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden, Yugoslavia (
The larva and adults live together under the bark and in the rotten wood of conifers and broadleaves (
Austria, Azores, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyprus, Danish mainland, European Turkey, Faroe Is., Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Madeira, Malta, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (
The species lives in ancient wood pastures. It lives under the bark of beech and oak tree deadwood in the early stages of decay and still sappy. It can also be found on birch, horse chestnut, and sycamore trees. The larva and adults are gregarious (
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species lives under the bark of various dead broadleaves (
Bostrichus elongatum Fabricius, 1787 –
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (
The species is rare. The larva develops under the bark and in the rotting wood of various dead broadleaves and conifer trees. It is a voracious predator of the larvae and pupae of other insects, especially Platypus sp. and Xyloterus sp. (
Silpha marcovichianus (Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783) –
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Macedonia, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East, North Africa (
The species lives mainly in the mountains and occasionally in the lowlands. The larva and adults are found under the loose bark of several broadleaves, especially beech trees (
Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, European Turkey, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Near East (
The species is rare and lives in undisturbed broadleaves forests. The larva develops under bark and in old rotting wood (
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species lives in isolated and relict forests. The larva develops under the bark of deadwood and in the tree humus often associated with ants of the genus Lasius. In one case, the species was found with another beetle Osmoderma eremita (
Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain I., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova Republic of, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia Central, Russia East, Russia North, Russia Northwest, Russia South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (
The species develops on dry branches and under the bark of broadleaves (
Within the 21 families considered, we determined 4,387 individuals belonging to 87 species. Of these species, only 36 were included in the "Atlas of Biodiversity" published from Ticino Valley Regional Park (
In the SCI "Bosco Siro Negri," we collected 21 families, and we identified 78 saproxylic species (3,310 species), 46 of which had never been reported in the Park (
Saproxylic beetle species collected in the SCI “Boschi Siro Negri e Moriano” (number of specimens per taxon).
FAMILY | POPULUS FOREST MANAGED BN1 | POPULUS FOREST UNMANAGED BN21 | OAK FOREST MANAGED BN5 | OAK FOREST UNMANAGED BN10 | TOTAL | ALREADY REPORTED IN THE PARK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANTHRIBIDAE | 1 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 8 | |
Anthribus nebulosus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | X |
Phaenotherion fasciculatum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | X |
Platystomos albinus | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | |
BOTHRIDERIDAE | 11 | 2 | 6 | 15 | 34 | |
Bothrideres bipunctatus | 11 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 23 | |
Oxylaemus cylindricus | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 11 | |
CERAMBYCIDAE | 47 | 16 | 23 | 19 | 105 | |
Aegomorphus clavipes | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | X |
Aegosoma scabricorne | 7 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 18 | X |
Chlorophorus varius | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | X |
Clytus arietis | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | X |
Grammoptera ruficornis | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | X |
Leiopus nebulosus | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | X |
Mesosa nebulosa | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | X |
Neoclytus acuminatus | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | X |
Phymatodes testaceus | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | X |
Pogonocherus hispidus | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 6 | X |
Prionus coriarius | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 8 | X |
Pseudovadonia livida | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 7 | X |
Stenurella melanura | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 9 | X |
Strangalia attenuata | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | X |
Tetrops praeustus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | X |
Xylotrechus antilope | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | X |
Xylotrechus rusticus | 19 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 21 | |
Xylotrechus stebbingi | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 6 | X |
CERYLONIDAE | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 9 | |
Cerylon ferrugineum | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 9 | |
CETONIIDAE | 95 | 116 | 31 | 32 | 274 | |
Cetonia aurata | 13 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 22 | |
Oxythyrea funesta | 16 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 22 | |
Potosia cuprea | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | |
Tropinota hirta | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
Valgus hemipterus | 64 | 108 | 22 | 30 | 224 | |
CURCULIONIDAE | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
Phloeophagus lignarius | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
DRYOPHTHORIDAE | 0 | 2 | 1 | 28 | 31 | |
Dryophthorus corticalis | 0 | 2 | 1 | 28 | 31 | |
ELATERIDAE | 18 | 0 | 6 | 22 | 46 | |
Ampedus cinnaberinus | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | X |
Ampedus pomonae | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | X |
Ampedus pomorum | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | X |
Ampedus sanguinolentus | 11 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 | X |
Calambus bipustulatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Cardiophorus anticus | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | |
Lacon punctatus | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | |
Melanotus villosus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 13 | X |
EROTYLIDAE | 10 | 23 | 45 | 4 | 82 | |
Dacne bipustulata | 9 | 23 | 39 | 4 | 75 | |
Tritoma bipustulata | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 7 | X |
EUCNEMIDAE | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 7 | |
Melasis buprestoides | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 7 | |
HISTERIDAE | 12 | 40 | 25 | 60 | 137 | |
Aeletes atomarius | 2 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 16 | |
Gnathoncus rotundatus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
Hololepta plana | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | X |
Paromalus flavicornis | 9 | 24 | 23 | 58 | 114 | |
LAEMOPHLOEIDAE | 22 | 16 | 206 | 15 | 259 | |
Cryptolestes duplicatus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 6 | |
Laemophloeus monilis | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
Placonotus testaceus | 21 | 16 | 205 | 10 | 252 | |
LATRIDIIDAE | 70 | 79 | 526 | 65 | 740 | |
Enicmus rugosus | 67 | 57 | 524 | 60 | 708 | |
Latridius hirtus | 3 | 22 | 2 | 5 | 32 | |
LISSOMIDAE | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |
Drapetes mordelloides | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |
LUCANIDAE | 49 | 11 | 7 | 38 | 105 | |
Dorcus parallelipipedus | 49 | 11 | 7 | 38 | 105 | X |
MONOTOMIDAE | 34 | 99 | 50 | 315 | 498 | |
Monotoma longicollis | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
Rhizophagus bipustulatus | 33 | 98 | 50 | 315 | 496 | |
MYCETOPHAGIDAE | 127 | 121 | 122 | 217 | 587 | |
Litargus connexus | 101 | 91 | 115 | 211 | 518 | |
Mycetophagus piceus | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 8 | |
Mycetophagus quadripustulatus | 22 | 27 | 6 | 6 | 61 | X |
NITIDULIDAE | 13 | 6 | 42 | 53 | 114 | |
Cryptarcha strigata | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
Epuraea aestiva | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
Epuraea guttata | 12 | 6 | 39 | 52 | 109 | |
SILVANIDAE | 40 | 56 | 22 | 21 | 139 | |
Silvanus bidentatus | 2 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 15 | |
Silvanus unidentatus | 28 | 37 | 5 | 4 | 74 | |
Uleiota planatus | 10 | 16 | 11 | 13 | 50 | X |
TENEBRIONIDAE | 11 | 25 | 18 | 12 | 66 | |
Diaperis boleti | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
Hypophloeus bicolor | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
Hypophloeus fasciatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | |
Platydema violaceum | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
Scaphidema metallicum | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | |
Stenomax aeneus | 0 | 21 | 0 | 3 | 24 | X |
Uloma culinaris | 10 | 1 | 14 | 5 | 30 | X |
ZOPHERIDAE | 14 | 58 | 4 | 16 | 92 | |
Bitoma crenata | 11 | 20 | 1 | 0 | 32 | X |
Colobicus hirtus | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
Colydium elongatum | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 7 | |
Endophloeus marcovichianus | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
Pycnomerus terebrans | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 7 | |
Rhopalocerus rondanii | 0 | 36 | 1 | 3 | 40 | |
Synchita humeralis | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
TOTAL | 579 | 676 | 1141 | 914 | 3310 |
The family with the highest number of species was that of Cerambycidae with 18 different saproxylic species all of which were previously reported in the Atlas of Biodiversity except for Xylotrechus rusticus (Linneaus, 1958) which was captured exclusively in the poplar forests. The second largest family was Elateridae with 8 species; 3 of them were not reported in the Park: Calambus bipustulatus (Linneaus, 1767), Cardiophorus anticus (Erichson, 1840), and Lacon punctatus (Herbst, 1779).
The families with only one saproxyilic species were: Cerylonidae with Cerylon ferrugineum (Stephens, 1830), Curculionidae with Phloeophagus lignarius (Marsham, 1802), Dryophthoridae with Dryophthorus corticalis (Paykull, 1792), Eucnemidae with Melasis buprestoides (Linneaus, 1761), Lissomidae with Drapetes mordelloides (Host, 1789), and Lucanidae with Dorcus parallelipipedus (Linneaus, 1785).
Regarding the single species, the most abundant beetle was Enicmus rugosus (Herbst, 1793) (Latridiidae) with 708 individuals of which most were captured in the Populus managed forests BN5.
In the SCI "Boschi di Vaccarizza," we collected 1.077 individuals belonging to 17 families and 48 species of which 29 species have never been reported in the Park (
Saproxylic beetle species collected in the SCI “Boschi di Vaccarizza” (number of specimens per taxon).
FAMILY | ALDER FOREST UNMANAGED V1 | ALDER FOREST MANAGED V2 | TOTAL | ALREADY REPORTED IN THE PARK |
---|---|---|---|---|
ANTHRIBIDAE | 15 | 7 | 22 | |
Eusphyrus vasconicus | 12 | 5 | 17 | |
Platystomos albinus | 3 | 2 | 5 | |
BOTHRIDERIDAE | 3 | 2 | 5 | |
Bothrideres bipunctatus | 3 | 2 | 5 | |
CERAMBYCIDAE | 13 | 10 | 23 | |
Aegosoma scabricorne | 3 | 4 | 7 | X |
Cerambyx scopolii | 0 | 1 | 1 | X |
Grammoptera ruficornis | 0 | 2 | 2 | X |
Leiopus nebulosus | 0 | 3 | 3 | X |
Leptura aurulenta | 1 | 0 | 1 | X |
Morimus asper | 4 | 0 | 4 | X |
Pogonocherus hispidus | 2 | 0 | 2 | X |
Stenurella melanura | 1 | 0 | 1 | X |
Stictoleptura cordigera | 1 | 0 | 1 | X |
Xylotrechus stebbingi | 1 | 0 | 1 | X |
CETONIIDAE | 23 | 18 | 41 | |
Cetonia aurata | 1 | 3 | 4 | |
Valgus hemipterus | 22 | 15 | 37 | |
ELATERIDAE | 10 | 6 | 16 | |
Ampedus pomonae | 1 | 0 | 1 | X |
Ampedus pomorum | 2 | 2 | 4 | X |
Ampedus sanguinolentus | 0 | 1 | 1 | X |
Cardiophorus anticus | 3 | 0 | 3 | |
Lacon punctatus | 4 | 3 | 7 | |
EROTYLIDAE | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
Dacne bipustulata | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
EUCNEMIDAE | 2 | 2 | 4 | |
Melasis buprestoides | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Nematodes filum | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
HISTERIDAE | 66 | 97 | 163 | |
Aeletes atomarius | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Paromalus flavicornis | 58 | 93 | 151 | |
Platylomalus complanatus | 7 | 4 | 11 | |
LAEMOPHLOEIDAE | 20 | 21 | 41 | |
Placonotus testaceus | 20 | 21 | 41 | |
LATRIDIIDAE | 51 | 63 | 114 | |
Enicmus rugosus | 43 | 57 | 100 | |
Latridius hirtus | 8 | 6 | 14 | |
LUCANIDAE | 77 | 60 | 137 | |
Dorcus parallelipipedus | 77 | 60 | 137 | X |
MONOTOMIDAE | 52 | 48 | 100 | |
Rhizophagus bipustulatus | 52 | 48 | 100 | |
MYCETOPHAGIDAE | 127 | 111 | 238 | |
Litargus connexus | 125 | 111 | 236 | |
Mycetophagus quadripustulatus | 2 | 0 | 2 | X |
NITIDULIDAE | 7 | 5 | 12 | |
Epuraea aestiva | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Epuraea guttata | 3 | 5 | 8 | |
Epuraea marseuli | 3 | 0 | 3 | |
SILVANIDAE | 55 | 11 | 66 | |
Silvanus bidentatus | 5 | 2 | 7 | |
Silvanus unidentatus | 27 | 5 | 32 | |
Uleiota planatus | 23 | 4 | 27 | X |
TENEBRIONIDAE | 39 | 38 | 77 | |
Hypophloeus bicolor | 0 | 3 | 3 | |
Hypophloeus unicolor | 3 | 26 | 29 | |
Scaphidema metallicum | 2 | 4 | 6 | |
Stenomax aeneus | 16 | 2 | 18 | X |
Uloma culinaris | 18 | 3 | 21 | X |
ZOPHERIDAE | 3 | 13 | 16 | |
Colydium elongatum | 0 | 13 | 13 | |
Pycnomerus terebrans | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Synchita humeralis | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
TOTAL | 564 | 513 | 1077 |
Also in this case, the family with the greatest number of species was Cerambycidae with 10 species already reported within the Park. The second and the third largest families were Elateridae and Tenebrionidae with 5 species each. The families of Bothrideridae, Erotylidae, Laemophloeidae, Lucanidae, and Monotomidae were those with the lowest number of saproxylic species being represented by a single species.
The most abundant species was the Mycetophagidae Litargus connexus (Geoffroy, 1785), not reported in the Atlas of Biodiversity in the Park. It is an obligate saproxylic beetle classified as "Least Concern" by the IUCN Red List (
By comparing the two different techniques used for catching saproxylic beetles, we found a significantly high difference in species richness between Window Traps (WT) and Eclector Traps (ET) with a higher number of species captured in the Window Traps (N = 34; WT = 9.942 ± 1.7; ET = 3.191 ± 3.89; Ttest = -9.357, p < 0.05) (
By comparing the species richness among the three habitat types (
Difference in species richness among the three habitat type and between managed and unmanaged forests. Table shows the mean number of saproxylic species collected using both Eclector and Trunk Windows Traps. (** p < 0.01)
Populus | Quercus | Alnus | F ANOVA | Unmanaged | Managed | F T.TEST | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Window Traps | 12.8 ± 4.1 | 8.1 ± 3.2 | 9.1 ± 2.8 | 5.905** | 10.9 ± 2.6 | 8.8 ± 4.7 | 2.051 |
Eclector Traps | 3.8 ± 2.3 | 2.7 ± 1.32 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 1.205 | 4.0 ±1.6 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 0.371** |
Mean number of saproxylic species captured in the three habitat type with both Trunk Window Traps (dark gray) and Eclector Traps (light gray).
Of the 21 families determined, 7 were not included in the previous checklist published in the "Atlas of Biodiversity" (
Also, the Elateridae Calambus bipustulatus is rare for Italy as well as the 4 Ampedus species that are all classified as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List, 2010) and are closely associated with ancient and mature forests (Platia pers. comm.).
It is important to note the presence of other species included as Least Concern in the Red List of the IUCN and never previously found in the Park: the Cerambycidae Xylotrechus rusticus, the Cetoniidae Valgus hemipterus, the Elateridae Lacon punctatus, the Mycetophagidae Mycetophagus piceus, and the most abundant species of our study area, Litargus connexus.
Finally, it is interesting to underline the presence of two invasive species captured during the study: Cerambycidae Neoclytus acuminatus (Fabricius, 1775) and Xylotrechus stebbingi (Gahan, 1906). The latter was recently introduced into Italy but now is widely spread throughout Northern and Central Italy.
The period of field collection was planned in detail to provide a long and exclusive season of work to fully cover the reproductive cycle of a large number of beetles.
The combined use of two different types of traps significantly expanded the spectrum of insects capturable. The Eclector Trap caught a lower number of individuals and beetle species compared to Window Traps as is also described by other authors (
The Trunk Window Trap captured a large number of insects also coming from the neighboring plots and/or forests. In this case, the site specific differences (i.e: amount of deadwood) disappeared and the differences became more evident at a landscape level such as habitat type.
Very few saproxylic species are listed in the EU Habitat Directive, but there are many others that should be considered in conservation plans for which we haven’t had sufficient information about. The lack of knowledge on the ecology and distribution of these species make it difficult to establish criteria for their protection. Although we didn’t find species listed in the Annexes of the EU Habitat Directive, some of the species found are locally threatened anyway because of their rarity, local distribution, and strong linkage to old forests. Among these species there are the Bothrideridae Bothrideres bipunctatus, the Cerambycidae Prionus coriarius and Xylotrechus rusticus, the Dryophthoridae Dryophthorus corticalis, the Eucnemidae Nematodes filum (with only 1 individual captured in Alnus unmanged forest), the Histeridae Aeletes atomarius and Paromalus flavicornis, the Laemophloeidae Cryptolestes duplicatus,, the Latridiidae Enicmus rugosus and Latridius hirtus, the Mycetophagidae Mycetophagus piceus, and the Zopheridae Colydium elongatum and Pycnomerus terebrans.
Thus, studies like this are important for increasing the ecological knowledge of forest beetle species and can provide a starting point for implementing management and conservation actions.
We would like to thank the Fondazione CARIPLO and the Ticino Park (Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino) for funding our research. Professor Francesco Sartori generously supported part of the research which was carried out inside the Riserva Naturale Integrale Bosco Siro Negri through a fund from the Italian Ministry for the Environment (Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare) and authorized to us to carry out the research within the integral reserve.
We thank all the experts who helped us with beetle determination: Maurizio Pavesi, Michele Zilioli, and Fabrizio Rigato form the Natural History Museum of Milan; Paolo Audisio; Giuseppe Carpaneto; Giuseppe Platia; Gianfranco Salvato; Fabio Penati; Paolo Cornacchia; Enzo Colonnelli; Claudio Canepari; Carlo Pesarini; Wolfgang Rucker. I also thank Nicklas Jansson for his suggestions on saproxilic beetle ecology at the beginning and during this research project.